一、mariadb的二进制安装：
[root@www ~]# tar -xf mariadb-5.5.46-linux-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [root@www local]# ln -s mariadb-5.5.46-linux-x86_64/ mysql [root@www local]# ls mariadb-5.5.46-linux-x86_64 mysql //最好软链接成mysql
1、先创建mysql系统用户，mysql组，让mysql系统用户去运行mysql,保证安全性：
[root@www /]# groupadd mysql [root@www /]# useradd -r mysql
2、把mysql目录下的文件和目录都设置为属主root，属组mysql：
[root@www mysql]# chown -R root:mysql ./*
3、创建mysql存储数据的目录，并把属主和属组：
[root@www mysql]# mkdir -p /data/mydata [root@www mysql]# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mydata/ [root@www mysql]# ll -d /data/mydata/ drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Apr 17 08:24 /data/mydata/
4、根据自己服务器的配置选择配置文件：
my-huge.cnf ： 用于高端产品服务器，包括1到2GB RAM,主要运行mysql
my-innodb-heavy-4G.ini ： 用于只有innodb的安装，最多有4GB RAM，支持大的查询和低流量
my-large.cnf ： 用于中等规模的产品服务器，包括大约512M RAM
my-medium.cnf ： 用于低端产品服务器，包括很少内存（少于128M）
my-small.cnf ： 用于最低设备的服务器，只有一点内存（少于512M）
[root@www support-files]# cp my-large.cnf /etc/my.cnf [root@www support-files]# vim /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] //在mysqld这里添加三句话 datadir = /data/mydata //存储数据目录 skip_name_resolve = ON //禁止反解主机名 innodb_file_per_table = ON //修改InnoDB为独立表空间模式
5、复制mysql.server到/etc/init.d/目录下：
[root@www support-files]# cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@www support-files]# chkconfig --add mysqld
6、对数据库进行初始化安装：
[root@www scripts]# /usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mydata --basedir=/usr/local/mysql [root@www scripts]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!
7、对数据库进行安全加固，数据库默认密码都是为空，删除test的数据库：
[root@www scripts]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_secure_installation Enter current password for root (enter for none): //直接回车，因为密码为空 Set root password? [Y/n] y //设置新密码 New password: Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y //删除其他没用的用户 ... Success! Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] n //禁止远程登录mysql,建议禁止 ... skipping Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y //是否删除测试数据库 - Dropping test database... Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y //是否重新加载权限列表 ... Success!
到此Mariadb二进制安装完成，可以使用mysql数据库了：
[root@www bin]# mysql -uroot -p123456 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 11 Server version: 5.5.46-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]>
二、mysql的基本命令：
1、用户的创建及授权：
用户账号：‘username‘@‘host‘
host:此用户访问当前mysql服务器时，允许其通过哪些主机远程创建连接
表示方式：IP,网络地址、主机名、通配符(%和_);
172.18.1.1. 172.18.0.0/24 www.magedu.com 172.18.%.%
创建用户账号： //只有查看的权限
CREATE USER ‘username‘@‘host‘ IDENTIFIED BY ‘passwd’
MariaDB [(none)]> create user ‘testusr‘@‘localhost‘; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
删除用户账号:
DROP USER ‘user‘@‘host‘[,user@host]....
MariaDB [(none)]> drop user ‘testusr‘@‘localhost‘; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
给用户授权：
权限级别：管理权限、数据库、表、字段、存储历程;
GRANT priv_tyep,...ON [object_type] db_name.tbl_name TO ‘user‘@‘host‘ [IDENTIFIED BY ‘passwd‘] ;
priv_tyep : select、insert、delete、update、atler、drop、create或者all
db_name.tbl_name: //可以对表限制
*.*:所有库的所有表
db_name.*:指定库的所有表
db_name.tbl_name:指定库的特定表
db_name.routine_name:指定库上的存储过程或存储函数
MariaDB [mytest]> grant select on mytest.students to ‘testusr‘@‘localhost‘; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec) //如果前面创建了用户，那这里不同给密码
取消用户授权：
REVOKE priv_type,..ON db_name FROM ‘username‘@‘host‘;
MariaDB [mytest]> revoke select on mytest.students from ‘testusr‘@‘localhost‘; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查看用户所获得的权限：
show grants for ‘user‘@‘host‘;
show grants for current_user; //查看当前用户的权限
MariaDB [mytest]> show grants for ‘testusr‘@‘localhost‘; +---------------------------------------------+ | Grants for testusr@localhost | +---------------------------------------------+ | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO ‘testusr‘@‘localhost‘ | +---------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [mytest]> show grants for current_user; +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grants for root@localhost | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO ‘root‘@‘localhost‘ IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD ‘*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9‘ WITH GRANT OPTION | | GRANT PROXY ON ‘‘@‘‘ TO ‘root‘@‘localhost‘ WITH GRANT OPTION | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意：MariaDB服务进程启动时，会读取mysql库的所有授权表至内存中；
1、GRANT或REVOKE命令等执行的权限操作会保存于表中，MariaDB此时一般会自动重读授权表，权限修改会立即生效
2、其它方式实现的权限修改，要想生效，必须手动运行FLUSH PRIVILEGES命令方可
mysql的命令分为两种，客户端命令和服务端命令:
客户端命令：
\use \u db_name:设定哪个库为默认数据库
\exit \q：退出
\delimiter \d CHAR：设定新的语句结束符
\go \g:语句结束标记
\ego \G: 语句结束标记，结果竖排方式显示；
\status \s: 显示客户端信息
\clear \c:取消语句执行，相当于CRTRL +C
服务端命令：
DDL: 数据定义语言，主要用于管理数据组件，例如表、索引、视图、用户、存储过程
create、drop、alter
DDM: 数据操纵语言，主要用管理表中的数据，实现数据的增、删、改、查
insert、delete、select、update
DCL: 用户权限
grant、reovke
注意：每个语句结束符都必须要有语句结束符，默认为（；）。
数据库数据都是有类型的：
字符型：
定长字符型： 最大不超过255字符
char(#) : 不区分字符大小写 以下 # 都代表数字
binary(#) : 区分字符大小写
变长字符型： 最大好像是6W个字符
varchar(#) 和 varbinary(#)：
对象存储：
text和 blob(布尔型)
内置类型：
set 和 enum(枚举) ：限定选择哪些类型
数值型：
精确数值型：int 、bigint、smallint、tinyint
近似数值型：float和dobule
数据类型有修饰符：
UNSIGNED:无符号 要紧跟在数值型后面，不然会报错
NOT NULL:非空
DEFAULT value:默认值
1、数据库的管理：创建、删除、和修改
创建：CREATE { DATABASE | SCHEMA } db_name ;
MariaDB [(none)]> create database mytest; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
也可以在后面跟上语句设置字符集合排序规则，不写表示默认：
[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name //设定字符集
[DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] colation_name //设定排序规则
查看支持的所有字符集：SHOW CHARACTER SET
查看支持的所有排序的字符集: SHOW COLLATION
MariaDB [mytest]> status; //查看创建数据库的信息 -------------- mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.46-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1 Connection id: 11 Current database: mytest Current user: root@localhost SSL: Not in use Current pager: stdout Using outfile: ‘‘ Using delimiter: ; Server: MariaDB Server version: 5.5.46-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Protocol version: 10 Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket Server characterset: latin1 Db characterset: latin1 Client characterset: utf8 Conn. characterset: utf8 UNIX socket: /tmp/mysql.sock Uptime: 1 hour 21 min 59 sec Threads: 1 Questions: 70 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 6 Flush tables: 2 Open tables: 32 Queries per second avg: 0.014 --------------
修改：ALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA } [db_name]
[DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
[DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] colation_name
MariaDB [mytest]> alter database mytest character set = cp932; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
删除：DROP {DATABASE | SCHEMA } db_name
MariaDB [mytest]> drop database mytest; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.37 sec)
2、表的管理：创建、修改、删除
创建： CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name (create_definition) [table_options]
（create_definition：）
字段：col_name data_type
键：
PRIMARY KEY(col1,col2,..) 主键
UNIQUE KEY(col1,col2...) 唯一键
FOREIGN KEY(column) 外键
（table_options：）
ENGINE[=]engine_name :指明存储引擎
查看数据库支持的所有存储引擎类型：
mysql>SHOW ENGINES;
查看某表的存储引擎类型：
mysql>SHOW TABLES STATUS [LIKE ‘tbl_name‘]
示例：创建一张表，包含ID号，姓名，年龄，性别，身份证号，把ID和名称设为主键，身份证号设置为唯一键
MariaDB [mytest]>create table students(id int unsigned not null,name char(30) not null,age tinyint unsigned,userID bigint,gender enum("w","m"),primary key(id,name),unique key(userID));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (7.48 sec)
MariaDB [mytest]> desc students;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | char(30) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| userID | bigint(20) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| gender | enum(‘w‘,‘m‘) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)修改： ALTER [ONLINE | OFFLINE] [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name [alter_specification]
alter_specification:
字段：
添加：ADD [COLUMN] col_name data_type [FIRST |AFTER col_name]
删除：DROP [COLUMN] col_name
修改：
改名字：CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
改属性：MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
示例：在name后面添加一个班级,修改属性，最后删除这个字段；
MariaDB [mytest]> alter table students add class varchar(100) not null after name; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MariaDB [mytest]> alter table students modify class varchar(50) after name; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MariaDB [mytest]> alter table students drop class; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
键：
添加：ADD {PRIMARY |UNIQUE|FOREIGN} KEY (col1,col2,...)
删除：DROP PRIMARY KEY 删除主键
DROP FOREIHN KEY fk_symbol
MariaDB [mytest]> alter table students add unique key(age); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.63 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MariaDB [mytest]> alter table students drop primary key; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.22 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
索引：
添加： ADD {INDEX|KEY} [index_name](col1,col2..)
删除： DROP {index|key} index_name
MariaDB [mytest]> alter table students add index ssalc(class); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MariaDB [mytest]> show index from students; | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | students | 1 | ssalc MariaDB [mytest]> alter table students drop index ssalc; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
删除表： DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] tbl_name;
3、索引的管理：创建和删除
创建： CREATE [UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATAL] INDEX index_name [BTREE|HASH] ON tbl_name (Col1,col2...)
删除： DROP INDEX index_name ON tbl_name
MariaDB [mytest]> create index class_and_name on students(class,name); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.12 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MariaDB [mytest]> create index class_and_name on students(class,name); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
4、对表的数据进行管理：insert、delete、update、select
INSERY INTO: 添加语句
INSERT [INTO] tbl_name [(col1,..)] {VALUES|VALUE}(val1,...),(...)
MariaDB [mytest]> insert into students(id,name,age) values (1,‘xiao ming‘,24); Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.09 sec)
注意：
字符型：引号 ‘ ‘ ‘xiao ming‘
数值型：不能用引号 ‘ ‘ 74
SELECT: 查询语句
1、SELECT * FROM tbl_name; 查看表中的所有字段
2、SELECT col1,col2,......FROM tbl_name; 挑选表中的字段查看
3、SELECT col1,.....FROM tbl_name WHERE clause; 根据where clause条件查看字段
MariaDB [mytest]> select * from students; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+-------+ | id | name | age | userID | gender | class | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+-------+ | 1 | xiao ming | 24 | NULL | NULL | | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.04 sec) MariaDB [mytest]> select id,name from students; +----+-----------+ | id | name | +----+-----------+ | 1 | xiao ming | +----+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
WHERE clause：用于指明挑选条件
col_name 操作符 value ;
比如：age > 30 ;
操作符有：
比较条件：>,<,>=,<=,==
组合条件：and or not
大于等于和小于等于： BETWEEN....AND.....
通配符：
LIKE ‘PAT‘
%：任意长度的任意字符
_: 任意单个字符
正则表达式： RLIKE ‘PAT‘
数据为空： is null //age is null
数据不为空：is not null //age is not null
MariaDB [mytest]> select * from students where age > 22; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | id | name | age | userID | gender | class | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | 2 | xiao ming | 23 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | | 3 | xiao hong | 24 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | | 4 | xiao tian | 25 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.09 sec) MariaDB [mytest]> select * from students where gender is not null; +----+---------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | id | name | age | userID | gender | class | +----+---------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | 5 | xiao li | 26 | NULL | w | er nian ji | +----+---------+------+--------+--------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [mytest]> select * from students where name rlike ‘ng$‘; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | id | name | age | userID | gender | class | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | 1 | xiao wang | 22 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | | 2 | xiao ming | 23 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | | 3 | xiao hong | 24 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ 3 rows in set (0.06 sec)
4、对数据进行排序：
SELECT col1,...FROM tbl_name [WHERE clause] ORDER BY col_name,col_name2 [ASC|DESC]
ASC:升序
DESC:降序
MariaDB [mytest]> select * from students order by id desc; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | id | name | age | userID | gender | class | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ | 5 | xiao li | 26 | NULL | w | er nian ji | | 4 | xiao tian | 25 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | | 3 | xiao hong | 24 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | | 2 | xiao ming | 23 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | | 1 | xiao wang | 22 | NULL | NULL | yi nian ji | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+------------+ 5 rows in set (0.04 sec)
delete：按行进行删除
1、DELETE FROM tbl_name [WHERE where_conditin]
2、DELETE FROM tbl_name [ORDER BY ..] [LIMIT row_count]
MariaDB [mytest]> delete from students where gender is not null; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec) MariaDB [mytest]> delete from students order by id desc limit 2; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.04 sec) //把最大两个ID删除
update：对数据进行修改
UPDATE table_reference SET col_name1=value1 [, col_name2=value2] ...[WHERE where_condition] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT row_count]
MariaDB [mytest]> update students set age=age-10 where id >1; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.05 sec) Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [mytest]> update students set age=age+10 order by age desc limit 2; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.05 sec) Rows matched: 2 Changed: 2 Warnings: 0
Linux中mariadb的通用二进制安装及mysql的基本命令
原文地址：http://lanxianting.blog.51cto.com/7394580/1764757
