Linux下文件查找与定位

参数

解释

--all,  -a

Print all matching executables in  PATH, not just the first.

--read-alias,  -i

Read aliases from stdin, reporting  matching ones on stdout. This is useful in combination with using an alias  for which itself. For example

           alias  which=alias | which -i.

--skip-alias

Ignore option `--read-alias, if  any. This is useful to explicity search for normal binaries, while using the  `--read-alias option in an alias or function for which.

--read-functions

Read shell function definitions  from stdin, reporting matching ones on stdout. This is useful in combination  with using a shell function for which itself.   For example:

       which() { declare -f | which  --read-functions $@ }

           export -f which

--skip-functions

Ignore option `--read-functions,  if any. This is useful to explicity search for normal binaries, while using  the `--read-functions option in an alias or function for which.

--skip-dot

Skip directories in PATH that start with a dot.

--skip-tilde

Skip directories in PATH that  start with a tilde and executables which reside in the HOME directory.

--show-dot

If a directory in PATH starts with  a dot and a matching executable was found for that path, then print  "./programname" rather than the full path.

--show-tilde

Output a tilde when a directory  matches the HOME directory. This option is ignored when which is invoked as  root.

--tty-only

Stop processing options on the  right if not on tty.

--version,-v,-V

Print version information on  standard output then exit successfully.

参数

解释

-b     

Search only for binaries.

-m

Search only for manuals.

-s

Search only for sources.

-u

Only show the command names that have  unusual entries.  A  command   is  said to be unusual if it  does not have just one entry of each explicitly requested type.  Thus ‘whereis -m -u *‘ asks  for those files in the current directory  which have no documentation file, or more than one.

-B list

Limit the places where whereis  searches   for  binaries,  by  a  whitespace-separated list of directories.

-M list

Limit   the  places  where   whereis  searches  for manuals, by awhitespace-separated list  of directories.

-S list

Limit the places where  whereis   searches  for  sources,   by  a whitespace-separated list  of directories.

-f

Terminates  the   directory  list and signals the  start of filenames.  It must be used  when any of the -B, -M, or  -S  options  is used.

-l

Output   list  of  effective   lookup paths the whereis is using. When non of -B, -M, or -S is  specified the option will out hard coded paths that the command was able to  find on system.

参数

解释

-d,  --debug

Print  debugging information.

-v,  --verbose

Print  verbose warning messages.

-r,  --regex

Interpret  each name as a regular expression.  If  a  name   matches  any part  of a page name, a match will be made.  This option causes whati s to be somewhat  slower due to the nature of database searches.

-w,  --wildcard

Interpret  each name as a pattern  containing  shell   style  wildcards.

For  a match to be made, an expanded name must match the entire page name.  This option causes whatis to be  somewhat   slower  due  to   the  nature of database  searches.

-l,  --long

Do  not   trim  output to the terminal  width.  Normally, output will be  truncated to the terminal width to avoid  ugly   results  from  poorly written NAME sections.

-s  list, --sections list, --section list

Search  only the given manual sections.  list  is a colon- or comma-separated list of sections.  If an entry in list is a simple section,  forexample  "3",  then   the  displayed  list of descriptions will include pages in  sections "3", "3perl", "3x", and so on; while  if an entry  in list  has   an  extension, for example  "3perl", then the list will only

include  pages in that exact part of the manual section.

-m  system[,...], --systems=system[,...]

If  this system has access to  other  operating   system‘s  manual  page names, they can be accessed using this  option.  To search NewOS‘s man‐ual page names, use the option -m NewOS. The system specified can be a  combination of comma delimited operatingsystem  names.    To  include a search of the  native operating system‘s manual page names, include the system name man in  the argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM environment  variable.

-M  path, --manpath=path

Specify  an alternate set of colon-delimited manual page hierarchies to

search.  By default, whatis uses the  $MANPATH   environment  variable, unless it  is empty or unset, in which case it will determine an appro‐priate manpath based on your $PATH environment variable.  This   option overrides the contents of $MANPATH.

-L  locale, --locale=locale

whatis  will normally determine your current locale  by a call to the C function setlocale(3) which  interrogates  various   environment  varables,  possibly   including  $LC_MESSAGES  and   $LANG.  To temporarily override  the determined value, use this   option  to  supply   a  locale string  directly   to  whatis.  Note that it will not take effect until the  search for pages actually begins.   Output such as the help messagewill always be displayed in the  initially determined locale.

-C  file, --config-file=file

Use  this   user  configuration file rather  than the default of ~/.man path.

参数

解释

-A, --all

Print only  entries that match all PATTERNs instead of   requiring  only one of them to  match.

-b, --basename

Match  only the base name against the specified  patterns.  This is the opposite of  --wholename.

-c, --count

Instead of  writing file names on standard output, write the number  of  matching entries only.

-d, --database  DBPATH

Replace  the   default  database  with DBPATH.  DBPATH is a :-separated list of database  file names.  If more than one  --database option is specified, the  resulting  path is a concatenation of  the separate paths. An empty database file name is replaced by the  default   database.  Adatabase  file name - refers to the standard  input.  Note that a data‐base can be read from the standard input  only once.

-e, --existing

Print only  entries that refer to files existing at the time locate  is

run.

-L, --follow

When  checking whether files exist (if the  --existing option is specified), follow trailing symbolic links.  This   causes  broken  symbolic links to be omitted from the  output. His is  the  default behavior.The opposite can be specified  using--nofollow.

-h, --help

Write a summary  of the available options to standard output   and  exit successfully.

-i,  --ignore-case

Ignore case  distinctions when matching patterns.

-l, --limit, -n  LIMIT

Exit  successfully after finding LIMIT entries.  If the --count option is specified, the  resulting count is also limited to LIMIT.

-m, --mmap

Ignored, for  compatibility with BSD and GNU locate.

-P, --nofollow,  -H

When checking  whether files exist (if the --existing option is  specified), do not follow trailing symbolic  links.  This causes broken symbolic  links to be reported like other files.This is the opposite of --follow.

-0, --null

Separate the  entries on output using the ASCII NUL   character  instead of writing  each entry on a separate line.  This  option is designed for interoperability with the --null option of GNU  xargs(1).

-S, --statistics

Write statistics  about each read database to standard   output  instead of searching for  files and exit successfully.

-q, --quiet

Write  no messages about errors encountered while  reading and process‐ ing databases.

-r, --regexp  REGEXP

Search for a  basic regexp REGEXP.  No PATTERNs  are   allowed  if  this option is used, but this option can be  specified multiple times.

--regex

Interpret all  PATTERNs as extended regexps.

-s, --stdio

Ignored, for  compatibility with BSD and GNU locate.

-V, --version

Write  information about the version and license  of locate on standard output and exit successfully.

-w, --wholename

Match only the  whole path name against the specified patterns.

This is the  default behavior. The opposite can be specified  using

--basename.

参数

解释

-name

按照文件名来查找

-perm

按照文件权限来查找

-user

按照文件的用户来查找

-group

按照文件的组来查找

-atime n

在过去n天内被访问过（access_time）的文件，n表示天数,-n表示过去的n天内，+n表示过去的n天前，n表示确定的日期（过去的第n天）

-ctime n

在过去n天内被更改过（change_time）的文件，n表示天数，同上

-amin n

在过去n分钟内被访问过（access_time）的文件，n表示分钟数,同上

-cmin n

在过去n分钟内被更改过（change_time）的文件，n表示分钟数，同上

-size n[ckMG]

按文件大小查找，n表示大小，+n表示大于n的文件，-n表示小于n的文件，c表示字节，k表示kB，M代表MB，G表示GB

-newer f1

查找更新时间比f1近的文件

-anewer f1

查找访问时间比f1早的文件

-empty

查找空文件，可以是目录或文件

-type

按照文件类型来查找

-fstype

按照文件系统来查找

-nogroup

查找无属组的文件

-nouser

查找无用户的文件

-uid

按照文件所属用户的UID查找

-gid

按照文件所属组的GID查找

-inum

按照文件的inode节点号查找

-readable

只匹配可读文件

-samefile

查找indode相同的文件

-writale

匹配可写文件

-links

按照文件链接数查找

-depth

使查找在进入子目录查找前先查找完本目录

-mount

查找文件时不跨越文件系统mount点

-cpio

备份查找到的文件

-cpio    %;

按照文件系统来查找文件，一般文件系统在/etc/fstab文件中有记录

-prune

忽略某个目录

字符

解释

b

块设备文件

c

字符设备文件

d

目录文件

l

链接文件

f

普通文件

p

管道文件

s

套接字文件

命令

检索文件

检索对象

显示内容

效能

which

$PATH中的文件/bin,/sbin

命令，二进制文件

绝对路径

Root用户使用最方便，普通用户使用时有时会有权限问题

whereis

$PATH中的文件/usr/bin,/usr/sbin

命令，二进制文件

绝对路径，配置文件路径，帮助文档路径

任何用户都可使用，无权限问题

whatis

whatis数据库

系统命令

目标命令简介

速度快，但是要建立临时数据库，消耗要高一点

apropos

whatis数据库

系统命令

一组相关命令简介

速度快，但是要建立临时数据库，消耗要高一点，得到一组简介

locate

索引数据库

文件

目标文件列表

速度快，但是索引数据库每天自动更新，有时候不具有时效性

find

文件系统

文件

目标文件列表

功能强大，常用作前提条件，为后续操作做铺垫！