MySQL 完整性约束

PRIMARY KEY (PK)  #标识该字段为该表的主角按，可以唯一的表示记录
POREIGN KEY (FK)  #标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL #表示该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) #标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT   #标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键）
DEFAULT #该字段设置默认值

UNSIGNED #无符号
ZEROFILL  #使用0填充

#1.是否允许为空，默认NULL，可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空，必赋值
#2.字段是否有默认值，缺省的默认值是NULL，如果想插入记录时不给字段赋值，此字段使用默认值

sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) not null default ‘male‘

# 必须为正值（无符号）不允许为空 默认时20

age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20

#30是否时key
主键 primary key
外键 foreign  key
索引  （index，unique。。。）

create table tb1（
nid int not null default 2，
num int not null
）；

mysql> create table t11(id int);# id字段默认可以为空
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> desc t11;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES   |          | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into t11 values(); #给t11表插一个空的值
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

#查询结果如下
mysql> select * from t11;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
| NULL |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table t12(id int not null);#设置字段id不为空
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> desc t12;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t12 values();#不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field ‘id‘ doesn‘t have a default value

mysql> create table student2(
    -> id int not null,
    -> name varchar(50) not null,
    -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
    -> sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘,
    -> fav set(‘smoke‘,‘drink‘,‘tangtou‘) default ‘drink,tangtou‘
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 只插入了not null约束条件的字段对应的值
mysql> insert into student2(id,name) values(1,‘mjj‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

# 查询结果如下
mysql> select * from student2;
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
| id | name | age | sex  | fav           |
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
|  1 | mjj  |  18 | male | drink,tangtou |
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table department(
    -> id int,
    -> name char(10)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into department values(1,‘IT‘),(2,‘IT‘);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from department;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | IT   |
|    2 | IT   |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 发现： 同时插入两个IT部门也是可以的，但这是不合理的，所以我们要设置name字段为unique 解决这种不合理的现象。

#第一种创建unique的方式
#例子1：
create table department(
    id int,
    name char(10) unique
);
mysql> insert into department values(1,‘it‘),(2,‘it‘);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘it‘ for key ‘name‘

#例子2：
create table department(
    id int unique,
    name char(10) unique
);
insert into department values(1,‘it‘),(2,‘sale‘);

#第二种创建unique的方式
create table department(
    id int,
    name char(10) ,
    unique(id),
    unique(name)
);
insert into department values(1,‘it‘),(2,‘sale‘);

# 创建services表
mysql> create table services(
    -> id int,
    -> ip char(15),
    -> port int,
    -> unique(id),
    -> unique(ip,port)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> desc services;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type      | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id        | int(11)   | YES   | UNI  | NULL       |             |
| ip        | char(15) | YES   | MUL  | NULL       |             |
| port    | int(11) | YES   |          | NULL       |             |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#联合唯一，只要两列记录，有一列不同，既符合联合唯一的约束
mysql> insert into services values
    -> (1,‘192,168,11,23‘,80),
    -> (2,‘192,168,11,23‘,81),
    -> (3,‘192,168,11,25‘,80);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from services;
+------+---------------+------+
| id   | ip            | port |
+------+---------------+------+
|    1 | 192,168,11,23 |   80 |
|    2 | 192,168,11,23 |   81 |
|    3 | 192,168,11,25 |   80 |
+------+---------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into services values (4,‘192,168,11,23‘,80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘192,168,11,23-80‘ for key ‘ip‘

# 创建t14表，为id字段设置主键，唯一的不同的记录
create table t14(
    id int primary key,
    name char(16)
);

insert into t14 values
(1,‘xiaoma‘),
(2,‘xiaohong‘);

mysql> insert into t14 values(2,‘wxxx‘);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘6‘ for key ‘PRIMARY‘


#   not null + unique的化学反应，相当于给id设置primary key
create table t15(
    id int not null unique,
    name char(16)
);
mysql> create table t15(
    -> id int not null unique,
    -> name char(16)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t15;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id        | int(11)  | NO     | PRI | NULL       |             |
| name   | char(16) | YES  |         | NULL       |             |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

create table t16(
    ip char(15),
    port int,
    primary key(ip,port)
);

insert into t16 values
(‘1.1.1.2‘,80),
(‘1.1.1.2‘,81);