C++11 智能指针

std::shared_ptr大概总结有以下几点:

(1) 智能指针主要的用途就是方便资源的管理，自动释放没有指针引用的资源。

(2) 使用引用计数来标识是否有多余指针指向该资源。(注意，shart_ptr本身指针会占1个引用)

(3) 在赋值操作中, 原来资源的引用计数会减一，新指向的资源引用计数会加一。

std::shared_ptr<Test> p1(new Test);

std::shared_ptr<Test> p2(new Test);

p1 = p2;

(4) 引用计数加一/减一操作是原子性的，所以线程安全的。

(5) make_shared要优于使用new，make_shared可以一次将需要内存分配好。

std::shared_ptr<Test> p = std::make_shared<Test>();
std::shared_ptr<Test> p(new Test);

(6) std::shared_ptr的大小是原始指针的两倍，因为它的内部有一个原始指针指向资源，同时有个指针指向引用计数。

(7) 引用计数是分配在动态分配的，std::shared_ptr支持拷贝，新的指针获可以获取前引用计数个数。

以下是cppreference的代码例子，其实也蛮清楚的

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <mutex>

struct Base
{
    Base() { std::cout << "  Base::Base()\n"; }
    // 注意：此处非虚析构函数 OK
    ~Base() { std::cout << "  Base::~Base()\n"; }
};

struct Derived : public Base
{
    Derived() { std::cout << "  Derived::Derived()\n"; }
    ~Derived() { std::cout << "  Derived::~Derived()\n"; }
};

void thr(std::shared_ptr<Base> p)
{
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
    std::shared_ptr<Base> lp = p; // 线程安全，虽然自增共享的 use_count
    {
        static std::mutex io_mutex;
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(io_mutex);
        std::cout << "local pointer in a thread:\n"
                  << "  lp.get() = " << lp.get()
                  << ", lp.use_count() = " << lp.use_count() << ‘\n‘;
    }
}

int main()
{
    std::shared_ptr<Base> p = std::make_shared<Derived>();

    std::cout << "Created a shared Derived (as a pointer to Base)\n"
              << "  p.get() = " << p.get()
              << ", p.use_count() = " << p.use_count() << ‘\n‘;
    std::thread t1(thr, p), t2(thr, p), t3(thr, p);
    p.reset(); // 从 main 释放所有权
    std::cout << "Shared ownership between 3 threads and released\n"
              << "ownership from main:\n"
              << "  p.get() = " << p.get()
              << ", p.use_count() = " << p.use_count() << ‘\n‘;
    t1.join();
    t2.join();
    t3.join();
    std::cout << "All threads completed, the last one deleted Derived\n";
}

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