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Kubernetes【K8S】(五):Service

时间:2020-05-01 12:37:02      阅读:77      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

标签:mic   provider   dig   内核   访问   forward   pac   nec   cname   

Service概念

Kubernetes Service定义了一个Pod的逻辑分组,一种可以访问它们的策略。这组Pod能被Service访问到,通常是通过label Selector。

技术图片
Service能够提供负载均衡的能力,它只提供4层负载均衡的能力,而没有7层功能,有时我们可能需要更多的匹配规则来转发请求,这点上4层负载均衡是不支持的。

Service的类型

Service在K8S中有四种类型

  • ClusterIp:默认类型,自动分配一个仅Cluster内部可以访问的虚拟IP。
  • NodePort:ClusterIP基础上为Service在每台机器上绑定一个端口,这样就可以通过NodePort来访问服务。
  • LoadBalancer:NodePort的基础上,借助cloud provider创建一个外部负载均衡器,并将请求转发到NodePort
  • ExternalName:把集群外部的服务引入到集群内部来,在集群内部直接使用。没有任何类型代理被创建,只有Kubernetes1.7或更高版本的kube-dns才支持。

VIP和Service代理

? 在Kubernetes集群中,每个Node运行一个kube-proxy进程。kube-proxy负责为Service实现了一种VIP(虚拟IP)的形式,而不是ExternalName的形式。在Kubernetes v1.0版本,代理v完全在userspace。在Kubernetes v1.1版本,新增了iptables代理,但并不是默认的运行模式。从Kubernetes v1.2起,默认就是iptables代理。在Kubernetes v1.8.0-beta.0中,添加了ipvs代理,在Kubernetes 1.14版本开始默认使用ipvs代理。在Kubernetes v1.0版本,Service是“4层”(TCP/UDP over IP)的概念。在Kubernetes v1.1版本,新增了Ingress API(beta版),用来表示“7层”(HTTP)服务。

技术图片

代理模式的分类

  • userspace代理模式

技术图片

  • iptables代理模式

技术图片

  • ipvs代理模式

    kube-proxy会监视Kubernetes Service对象和Endpoints对象,调用netlink接口以相应地创建ipvs规则并定期与Kubernetes Service对象和Endpoints对象同步ipvs规则,以确保ipvs状态与期望一致。访问服务时,流量将被重定向到其中一个后端Pod。与iptables类似,ipvsnetfilterhook功能,但使用哈希表作为底层数据结构并在内核空间中工作。这意味着ipvs可以更快地重定向流量,并在同步代理规则时具有更好地性能。此外,ipvs为负载均衡算法提供了更多选项,例如:

    • rr轮询调度
    • lc最小连接数
    • dh目标哈希
    • sh源哈希
    • sed最短期望延迟
    • nq不排队调度

    注意:ipvs模式假定在运行kube-proxy之前在节点上都已经安装了ipvs内核模块。当kube-proxy以ipvs代理模式启动时,kube-proxy将验证节点上是否安装了ipvs模块,如果未安装,则kube-proxy将回退到iptables代理模式。

技术图片

Service的 spec.type

ClusterIP

ClusterIP主要在每个node节点使用iptables,将发向clusterIP对应端口的数据,转发到kube-proxy中。然后kube-proxy自己内部实现有负载均衡的方法,并可以查询到这个service下对应pod的地址和端口,进而把数据转发给对应的pod地址和端口。

技术图片

  • 用户通过kubectl命令向apiserver发送创建service的命令,apiserver收到请求后将数据存储到etcd中。
  • kubernetes的每个节点中都有一个叫做kube-proxy的进程,这个进程负责感知servicepod的变化,并将变化的信息写入本地的iptables规则中。
  • iptables使用NAT等技术将virtualIP的流量转至endpoint中。

创建myapp-deploy.yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: myapp-deploy
  labels:
    app: myapp-deploy
spec:
  replicas: 3
  template:
    metadata:
      name: myapp-deploy
      labels:
        app: myapp-deploy
        release: stabel
        env: test
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: myapp-deploy
          image: chinda.com/library/myapp:v1
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
              name: http
      restartPolicy: Always
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp-deploy
      release: stabel

创建myapp-service.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp-service
    release: stabel
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 80
      name: http
  type: ClusterIP

测试

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME            TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
kubernetes      ClusterIP   10.96.0.1        <none>        443/TCP   13d
myapp-service   ClusterIP   10.107.157.192   <none>        80/TCP    9s
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# curl 10.107.157.192
curl: (7) Failed connect to 10.107.157.192:80; Connection refused
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ipvsadm -Ln
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
  -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP  10.96.0.1:443 rr
  -> 192.168.0.150:6443           Masq    1      3          0         
TCP  10.96.0.10:53 rr
  -> 10.244.0.43:53               Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.0.44:53               Masq    1      0          0         
TCP  10.96.0.10:9153 rr
  -> 10.244.0.43:9153             Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.0.44:9153             Masq    1      0          0         
TCP  10.107.157.192:80 rr
UDP  10.96.0.10:53 rr
  -> 10.244.0.43:53               Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.0.44:53               Masq    1      0          0         
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP             NODE         NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
myapp-deploy-6f87986465-2pcgp   1/1     Running   0          14m   10.244.1.123   k8s-node01   <none>           <none>
myapp-deploy-6f87986465-7rhrq   1/1     Running   0          14m   10.244.1.124   k8s-node01   <none>           <none>
myapp-deploy-6f87986465-scz2v   1/1     Running   0          14m   10.244.2.110   k8s-node02   <none>           <none>

拒绝连接,ipvs检测service下没有挂载任何的pod,原因是deployment和service的spec.selector命名不相同。

修改后

修改后myapp-deploy.yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: myapp-deploy
  labels:
    app: myapp-deploy
spec:
  replicas: 3
  template:
    metadata:
      name: myapp
      labels:
        app: myapp
        release: stabel
        env: test
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: myapp-deploy
          image: chinda.com/library/myapp:v1
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
              name: http
      restartPolicy: Always
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
      release: stabel

修改后myapp-service.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp
    release: stabel
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 80
      name: http
  type: ClusterIP

检测

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME            TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
kubernetes      ClusterIP   10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP   13d
myapp-service   ClusterIP   10.104.50.207   <none>        80/TCP    10s
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# ipvsadm -Ln
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
  -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP  10.96.0.1:443 rr
  -> 192.168.0.150:6443           Masq    1      3          0         
TCP  10.96.0.10:53 rr
  -> 10.244.0.43:53               Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.0.44:53               Masq    1      0          0         
TCP  10.96.0.10:9153 rr
  -> 10.244.0.43:9153             Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.0.44:9153             Masq    1      0          0         
TCP  10.104.50.207:80 rr
  -> 10.244.1.125:80              Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.1.126:80              Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.2.111:80              Masq    1      0          0         
UDP  10.96.0.10:53 rr
  -> 10.244.0.43:53               Masq    1      0          0         
  -> 10.244.0.44:53               Masq    1      0          0         
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP             NODE         NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
myapp-deploy-677ccc888c-m42jt   1/1     Running   0          119s   10.244.1.125   k8s-node01   <none>           <none>
myapp-deploy-677ccc888c-rgsn4   1/1     Running   0          119s   10.244.2.111   k8s-node02   <none>           <none>
myapp-deploy-677ccc888c-w6hzg   1/1     Running   0          119s   10.244.1.126   k8s-node01   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# curl 10.104.50.207
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>

Headless Service

有时不需要或不想要负载均衡,以及单独的Service IP。遇到这种情况,可以通过指定Cluster IP(spec.clusterIP)的值为“None”来创建Headless Service。这类Service并不会分配Cluster IP,kube-proxy不会处理他们,而且平台也不会为它们进行负载均衡和路由。

创建myapp-headless-svc.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-headless
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 80
  clusterIP: None

解析coredns

# svc 创建成功会写入到coredns中
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME             TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
kubernetes       ClusterIP   10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP   13d
myapp-headless   ClusterIP   None            <none>        80/TCP    6s
myapp-service    ClusterIP   10.104.50.207   <none>        80/TCP    16m
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide
NAME                                   READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP              NODE           NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
coredns-5c98db65d4-dhrw6               1/1     Running   21         13d   10.244.0.44     k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
coredns-5c98db65d4-jhvv2               1/1     Running   21         13d   10.244.0.43     k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
etcd-k8s-master01                      1/1     Running   22         13d   192.168.0.150   k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
kube-apiserver-k8s-master01            1/1     Running   22         13d   192.168.0.150   k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master01   1/1     Running   22         13d   192.168.0.150   k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-bm5px            1/1     Running   28         13d   192.168.0.150   k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-cfhhg            1/1     Running   23         13d   192.168.0.152   k8s-node02     <none>           <none>
kube-flannel-ds-amd64-mlqgl            1/1     Running   20         13d   192.168.0.151   k8s-node01     <none>           <none>
kube-proxy-4f8dk                       1/1     Running   19         13d   192.168.0.152   k8s-node02     <none>           <none>
kube-proxy-lg875                       1/1     Running   19         13d   192.168.0.151   k8s-node01     <none>           <none>
kube-proxy-zwpmh                       1/1     Running   22         13d   192.168.0.150   k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
kube-scheduler-k8s-master01            1/1     Running   22         13d   192.168.0.150   k8s-master01   <none>           <none>
# 安装dig命令
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# yum -y install bind-utils
# 访问svc {service-name}.{namespace}.svc.cluster.local
[root@k8s-master01 ~]#  dig -t A myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. @10.244.0.44

; <<>> DiG 9.11.4-P2-RedHat-9.11.4-16.P2.el7_8.2 <<>> -t A myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. @10.244.0.44
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; WARNING: .local is reserved for Multicast DNS
;; You are currently testing what happens when an mDNS query is leaked to DNS
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 6438
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN A 10.244.1.125
myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN A 10.244.1.126
myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN A 10.244.2.111

;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 10.244.0.44#53(10.244.0.44)
;; WHEN: Fri May 01 09:57:24 CST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 237
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME                            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP             NODE         NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
myapp-deploy-677ccc888c-m42jt   1/1     Running   0          48m   10.244.1.125   k8s-node01   <none>           <none>
myapp-deploy-677ccc888c-rgsn4   1/1     Running   0          48m   10.244.2.111   k8s-node02   <none>           <none>
myapp-deploy-677ccc888c-w6hzg   1/1     Running   0          48m   10.244.1.126   k8s-node01   <none>           <none>

NodePort

NodePort的原理在于在Node上开了一个端口,将向该端口的流量导入kube-proxy,然后由kube-proxy进一步给对应的Pod。

创建nodeport.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-nodeport
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp
    release: stabel
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 80
  type: NodePort

测试

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME             TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
kubernetes       ClusterIP   10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP        13d
myapp-headless   ClusterIP   None            <none>        80/TCP         36m
myapp-nodeport   NodePort    10.105.209.63   <none>        80:31509/TCP   5s
myapp-service    ClusterIP   10.104.50.207   <none>        80/TCP         52m
# 每个节点都会开放此端口
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# netstat -anp | grep 31509
tcp6       0      0 :::31509                :::*                    LISTEN      3338/kube-proxy 

技术图片

LoadBalancer

云供应商提供的服务,其实和NodePort是同一种方式。

ExternalName

这种类型的Service通过返回CNAME和它的值,可以将服务映射到externalName字段的内容(例如:www.123.com)。ExternalName Service是Service的特例,它没有selector,也没有定义任何的端口和Endpoint。相反的,对于运行在集群之外的服务,它通过返回该外部服务的别名这种方式来提供服务。

创建ex.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-ex
spec:
  type: ExternalName
  externalName: www.123.com

检测

[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME             TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
kubernetes       ClusterIP      10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP        13d
myapp-ex         ExternalName   <none>          www.123.com   <none>         6s
myapp-headless   ClusterIP      None            <none>        80/TCP         99m
myapp-nodeport   NodePort       10.105.209.63   <none>        80:31509/TCP   62m
myapp-service    ClusterIP      10.104.50.207   <none>        80/TCP         115m
[root@k8s-master01 ~]#  dig -t A myapp-ex.default.svc.cluster.local. @10.244.0.44

; <<>> DiG 9.11.4-P2-RedHat-9.11.4-16.P2.el7_8.2 <<>> -t A myapp-ex.default.svc.cluster.local. @10.244.0.44
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; WARNING: .local is reserved for Multicast DNS
;; You are currently testing what happens when an mDNS query is leaked to DNS
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 41068
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;myapp-ex.default.svc.cluster.local. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
myapp-ex.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN CNAME www.123.com.
www.123.com.            30      IN      A       61.132.13.130

;; Query time: 68 msec
;; SERVER: 10.244.0.44#53(10.244.0.44)
;; WHEN: Fri May 01 11:08:54 CST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 149

当查询主机 myapp-ex.default.svc.cluster.local时,集群的DNS服务将返回一个值www.123.comd的CNAME记录。访问这个服务的工作方式和其他的相同,唯一不同的时重定向发生在DNS层,而且不会进行代理或转发。

Kubernetes【K8S】(五):Service

标签:mic   provider   dig   内核   访问   forward   pac   nec   cname   

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/chinda/p/12812939.html

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