kubernetes(七) 二进制部署k8s（1.18.4版本）

时间：2020-07-10 09:28:19 阅读：277 评论：0 收藏：0 [点我收藏+]

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二进制部署k8s（1.18.4版本）

部署说明

软件名称	下载地址	备注
centos7.7+	https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.7.1908/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1908.iso	宿主机操作系统
kubernetes-server	https://dl.k8s.io/v1.18.4/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz
etcd	https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.4.9/etcd-v3.4.9-linux-amd64.tar.gz	k8s数据存储
cfssl	https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64<br/>https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64<br/>https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64	证书签发工具
docker	https://download.docker.com/linux/static/stable/x86_64/docker-19.03.9.tgz	CNR运行引擎
cni	https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.8.6/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.8.6.tgz	网络环境

部署规划

主机	ip	作用	部署的软件	备注
centos7-node4	192.168.56.14	master	kube-apiserver,kube-controller-manager,kube-scheduler,docker,etcd	后期介绍master扩容
centos7-node5	192.168.56.15	node	kubelet,kube-proxy,docker,etcd	后期介绍master扩容
centos7-node6	192.168.56.16	node	kubelet,kube-proxy,docker,etcd	后期介绍master扩容

系统初始化（所有节点执行）

软件安装路径默认路径为/data

# 更新yum源
yum -y install wget && wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo && yum -y install epel-release 
# 关闭selinux，firewalld，swap
sed -i ‘s/enforcing/disabled/‘ /etc/selinux/config
systemctl disable firewalld && systemctl stop firewalld
sed -ri ‘s/.*swap.*/#&/‘ /etc/fstab && swapoff -a
# 设置好主机名与主机名解析
cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF 
192.168.56.14 centos7-node4
192.168.56.15 centos7-node5
192.168.56.16 centos7-node6
192.168.56.14 k8s-master
192.168.56.15 k8s-node1
192.168.56.16 k8s-node2
192.168.56.17 k8s-master2
EOF
# 将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链
modprobe br_netfilter
cat  > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOF
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf #配置生效
#时间同步
yum install chrony -y && systemctl enable chronyd && systemctl start chronyd
timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai && timedatectl set-ntp yes

部署ETCD集群

Etcd 是一个分布式键值存储系统，Kubernetes使用Etcd进行数据存储，所以先准备一个Etcd数据库，为解决Etcd单点故障，应采用集群方式部署，这里使用3台组建集群，可容忍1台机器故障，当然，你也可以使用5台组建集群，可容忍2台机器故障。

节点hostname	节点名称	ip
centos7-node4	etcd-1	192.168.56.14
centos7-node5	etcd-2	192.168.56.15
centos7-node6	etcd-3	192.168.56.16

注:为了节省机器，这里与K8s节点机器复用。也可以独立于k8s集群之外部署，只要apiserver能连接到就行。

生成etcd证书配置

准备cfssl证书管理工具，使用json文件生成证书，相比openssl更方便使用

# 软件安装
wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64 -O /usr/local/bin/cfssl
wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64 -O /usr/local/bin/cfssljson
wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 -O /usr/local/bin/cfssl-certinfo
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/cfssl*

准备ca与证书配置

mkdir ~/TLS/{etcd,k8s} && cd ~/TLS/etcd
# 自谦CA配置文件
cat > ca-config.json << EOF
{
  "signing": {
    "default": {
      "expiry": "87600h"
    },
    "profiles": {
      "www": {
        "expiry": "87600h",        
        "usages": [
            "signing",
            "key encipherment",
            "server auth",
            "client auth"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}
EOF

# 自签csr配置文件
cat > ca-csr.json << EOF
{
  "CN": "etcd CA",
  "key": {
    "algo": "rsa",
    "size": 2048
  },
  "ca": {
     "expiry": "87600h"
  },
  "names": [
    {
      "C": "CN",
      "L": "BJ",
      "ST": "BeiJing"
    }
  ]
}
EOF

# 生成CA证书
cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -
ls *pem

# 签发ETCD https证书

cat > server.json << EOF
{
    "CN": "etcd",
    "hosts": [
        "192.168.56.14",
        "192.168.56.15",
        "192.168.56.16"
    ],
    "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
    },
    "names": [
        {
            "C": "CN",
            "L": "BeiJing",            
            "ST": "BeiJing"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

注:上述文件hosts字段中IP为所有etcd节点的集群内部通信IP，一个都不能少!为了方便后期扩容可以多写几个预留的IP。

签发证书

cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=www server-csr.json | cfssljson -bare server
ls server*pem  #签发证书文件

部署ETCD集群

单个节点配置

# 安装路径准备
mkdir /data/etcd/{bin,cfg,ssl,data} -p
# 二进制文件准备
wget https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.4.9/etcd-v3.4.9-linux-amd64.tar.gz && tar xf etcd-v3.4.9-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv etcd-v3.4.9-linux-amd64/etcd* /data/etcd/bin/
# 当前节点192.168.56.14配置文件
cat > /data/etcd/cfg/etcd.conf <<EOF
#[Member]
ETCD_NAME="etcd-1"
ETCD_DATA_DIR="/data/etcd/data/default.etcd"
ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2380"
ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2379"
#[Clustering]
ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2380"
ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2379"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd-1=https://192.168.56.14:2380,etcd-2=https://192.168.56.15:2380,etcd-3=https://192.168.56.16:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN="etcd-cluster"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="new"
EOF
# systemctl 启动管理文件配置(所有节点配置是一致的)
cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/etcd.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=Etcd Server
After=network.target
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=notify
EnvironmentFile=/data/etcd/cfg/etcd.conf 
ExecStart=/data/etcd/bin/etcd     --cert-file=/data/etcd/ssl/server.pem     --key-file=/data/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem     --peer-cert-file=/data/etcd/ssl/server.pem     --peer-key-file=/data/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem     --trusted-ca-file=/data/etcd/ssl/ca.pem     --peer-trusted-ca-file=/data/etcd/ssl/ca.pem     --logger=zap
Restart=on-failure
LimitNOFILE=65536

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
# 拷贝证书文件
mv ~/TLS/etcd/*pem /data/etcd/ssl
# 启动当前节点
systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable etcd && systemctl start etcd

配置文件字段介绍

ETCD_NAME:节点名称，集群中唯一
ETCD_DATA_DIR:数据目录
ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS:集群通信监听地址 ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS:客户端访问监听地址 ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS:集群通告地址 ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS:客户端通告地址
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER:集群节点地址
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN:集群Token ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE:加入集群的当前状态，new是新集群，existing表示加入已有集群

其余两个节点配置

数据分发（从192.168.56.14分发到15，16两个节点）

scp -rp /data/etcd 192.1658.56.15:/data 
scp -rp /data/etcd 192.1658.56.16:/data

配置文件修改

然后在节点2和节点3分别修改etcd.conf配置文件中的节点名称和当前服务器IP

vi /data/etcd/cfg/etcd.conf
#[Member]
ETCD_NAME="etcd-1" # 修改此处，节点2改为etcd-2，节点3改为etcd-3 ETCD_DATA_DIR="/var/lib/etcd/default.etcd" ETCD_LISTEN_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2380" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP ETCD_LISTEN_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2379" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP
#[Clustering]
ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2380" # 修改此处为当前服务 器IP
ETCD_ADVERTISE_CLIENT_URLS="https://192.168.56.14:2379" # 修改此处为当前服务器IP ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd-1=https://192.168.56.14:2380,etcd-2=https://192.168.56.15:2380,etcd-3=https://192.168.56.16:2380" ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_TOKEN="etcd-cluster"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="new"

最后启动etcd并设置开机启动。

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl enable etcd && systemctl start etcd

验证Etcd部署状态是否成功

任意节点执行如下命令

ETCDCTL_API=3 /data/etcd/bin/etcdctl --cacert=/data/etcd/ssl/ca.pem --cert=/data/etcd/ssl/server.pem --key=/data/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem --endpoints="https://192.168.56.14:2379,https://192.168.56.15:2379,https://192.168.56.16:2379" endpoint health

正常返回结果

https://192.168.56.15:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 11.567437ms
https://192.168.56.14:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 11.946454ms
https://192.168.56.16:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 13.121313ms

集群异常排查

1. 查看/var/log/message日志或者journalctl -xe -f -uetcd
2. 一般配置文件没问题的话就ok,最大的问题还有一点就是网络通信和防火墙，注意响应的策略放开即可

所有节点安装docker

# 下载和解压docker二进制文件
wget https://download.docker.com/linux/static/stable/x86_64/docker-19.03.9.tgz && tar xf docker-19.03.9.tgz 
# 转移可执行文件
scp docker/* 192.168.56.15:/usr/bin/
scp docker/* 192.168.56.16:/usr/bin/
mv docker/* /usr/bin/
# 配置systemd管理docker (其余的两个节点也需要安装)
cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Docker Application Container Engine
Documentation=https://docs.docker.com
After=network-online.target firewalld.service
Wants=network-online.target

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
LimitNOFILE=infinity
LimitNPROC=infinity
LimitCORE=infinity
TimeoutStartSec=0
Delegate=yes
KillMode=process
Restart=on-failure
StartLimitBurst=3
StartLimitInterval=60s
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

docker配置与启动

# 配置docker阿里云镜像加速和存储路径（graph）
mkdir /etc/docker
cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json << EOF 
{
  "graph": "/data/docker",
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://b9pmyelo.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
# 服务启动
systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl restart docker && systemctl enable docker

k8s master节点的安装与部署

当前部署master节点 ip: 192.168.56.14

生成k8s证书配置

cd ~/TLS/k8s
cat > ca-config.json <<EOF
{
    "signing":{
        "default":{
            "expiry":"87600h"
        },
        "profiles":{
            "kubernetes":{
                "expiry":"87600h",
                "usages":[
                    "signing",
                    "key encipherment",
                    "server auth",
                    "client auth"
                ]
            }
        }
    }
}
EOF

cat > ca-csr.json <<EOF
{
    "CN":"kubernetes",
    "key":{
        "algo":"rsa",
        "size":2048
    },
    "names":[
        {
            "C":"CN",
            "L":"Beijing",
            "ST":"Beijing",
            "O":"k8s",
            "OU":"System"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

# 生成CA证书
cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -

自签apiserver证书

cd ~/TLS/k8s
cat > server-csr.json << EOF
{
    "CN":"kubernetes",
    "hosts":[
        "10.0.0.1",
        "172.0.0.1",
        "127.0.0.1",
        "192.168.56.13",
        "192.168.56.14",
        "192.168.56.15",
        "192.168.56.16",
        "192.168.56.17",
        "192.168.56.18",
        "192.168.56.19",
        "kubernetes",
        "kubernetes.default",
        "kubernetes.default.svc",
        "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster",
        "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local"
    ],
    "key":{
        "algo":"rsa",
        "size":2048
    },
    "names":[
        {
            "C":"CN",
            "L":"BeiJing",
            "ST":"BeiJing",
            "O":"k8s",
            "OU":"System"
        }
    ]
}
EOF

注:上述文件hosts字段中IP为所有Master/LB/VIP IP，一个都不能少!为了方便后期扩容可以多写几个预留的IP。

生成apiserver证书

cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes server-csr.json | cfssljson -bare server
ls *pem

安装ApiServer

# 创建软件目录
mkdir -p /data/kubernetes/{cfg,bin,ssl,logs}
# 文件下载与拷贝
wget https://dl.k8s.io/v1.18.4/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz && tar xf kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz 
cp kubernetes/server/bin/kube-apiserver /data/kubernetes/bin/
cp kubernetes/server/bin/kube-controller-manager /data/kubernetes/bin/
cp kubernetes/server/bin/kube-scheduler /data/kubernetes/bin/ 
cp kubernetes/server/bin/kubectl /usr/bin/

创建apiserver配置文件

# 创建配置文件
cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-apiserver.conf << EOF 
KUBE_APISERVER_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \--v=2 \--log-dir=/data/kubernetes/logs \--etcd-servers=https://192.168.56.14:2379,https://192.168.56.15:2379,https://192.168.56.16:2379 \--bind-address=192.168.56.14 \--secure-port=6443 \--advertise-address=192.168.56.14 \--allow-privileged=true \--service-cluster-ip-range=10.0.0.0/24 \--enable-admission-plugins=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,ResourceQuota,NodeRestricti on \--authorization-mode=RBAC,Node \--enable-bootstrap-token-auth=true \\ 
--token-auth-file=/data/kubernetes/cfg/token.csv \\ 
--service-node-port-range=30000-32767 \\ 
--kubelet-client-certificate=/data/kubernetes/ssl/server.pem \\ 
--kubelet-client-key=/data/kubernetes/ssl/server-key.pem \\ 
--tls-cert-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/server.pem \\ 
--tls-private-key-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/server-key.pem \\ 
--client-ca-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \\ 
--service-account-key-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca-key.pem \\ 
--etcd-cafile=/data/etcd/ssl/ca.pem \--etcd-certfile=/data/etcd/ssl/server.pem \\ 
--etcd-keyfile=/data/etcd/ssl/server-key.pem \--audit-log-maxage=30 \--audit-log-maxbackup=3 \--audit-log-maxsize=100 \--audit-log-path=/data/kubernetes/logs/k8s-audit.log"
EOF

# 拷贝证书
mv ~/TLS/k8s/*pem /data/kubernetes/ssl/

注意事项：

--logtostderr:启用日志
---v:日志等级
--log-dir:日志目录
--etcd-servers:etcd集群地址
--bind-address:监听地址
--secure-port:https安全端口
--advertise-address:集群通告地址
--allow-privileged:启用授权 --service-cluster-ip-range:Service虚拟IP地址段

--enable-admission-plugins:准入控制模块

--authorization-mode:认证授权，启用RBAC授权和节点自管理

--enable-bootstrap-token-auth:启用TLS bootstrap机制

--token-auth-file:bootstrap token文件

--service-node-port-range:Service nodeport类型默认分配端口范围

--kubelet-client-xxx:apiserver访问kubelet客户端证书

--tls-xxx-file:apiserver https证书

--etcd-xxxfile:连接Etcd集群证书 --audit-log-xxx:审计日志

启用TLS Bootstrap机制

TLS Bootstraping:Master apiserver启用TLS认证后，Node节点kubelet和kube-proxy要与kube- apiserver进行通信，必须使用CA签发的有效证书才可以，当Node节点很多时，这种客户端证书颁发需要大量工作，同样也会增加集群扩展复杂度。为了简化流程，Kubernetes引入了TLS bootstraping机制来自动颁发客户端证书，kubelet会以一个低权限用户自动向apiserver申请证书，kubelet的证书由 apiserver动态签署。所以强烈建议在Node上使用这种方式，目前主要用于kubelet，kube-proxy还是由我们统一颁发一个证书。
TLS bootstraping 工作流程:

技术图片

根据上述配置token文件

cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/token.csv << EOF
2b4b65d2e33e24dc0beafddda6dd4b23,kubelet-bootstrap,10001,"system:node-bootstrapper"
EOF

格式:token，用户名，UID，用户组 token也可自行生成替换:

head -c 16 /dev/urandom | od -An -t x | tr -d ‘ ‘

使用systemctl管理apiserver

生成配置文件

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-apiserver.service << EOF 
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes API Server
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-apiserver.conf
ExecStart=/data/kubernetes/bin/kube-apiserver $KUBE_APISERVER_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

启动并设置开机自启动

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start kube-apiserver && systemctl enable kube-apiserver

授权kubelet-bootstrap用户允许请求证书

kubectl create clusterrolebinding kubelet-bootstrap --clusterrole=system:node-bootstrapper --user=kubelet-bootstrap

部署kube-controller-manager

创建配置文件

cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-controller-manager.conf << EOF
KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \--v=2 \--log-dir=/data/kubernetes/logs \--leader-elect=true \--master=127.0.0.1:8080 \--bind-address=127.0.0.1 \--allocate-node-cidrs=true \--cluster-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \\ 
--service-cluster-ip-range=10.0.0.0/24 \\ 
--cluster-signing-cert-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \\ 
--cluster-signing-key-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca-key.pem \\ 
--root-ca-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem \\ 
--service-account-private-key-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca-key.pem \--experimental-cluster-signing-duration=87600h0m0s"
EOF

--master:通过本地非安全本地端口8080连接apiserver。

--leader-elect:当该组件启动多个时，自动选举(HA)

--cluster-signing-cert-file/--cluster-signing-key-file:自动为kubelet颁发证书的CA，与apiserver 保持一致

systemctl管理controller-manager

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-controller-manager.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Controller Manager
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-controller-manager.conf
ExecStart=/data/kubernetes/bin/kube-controller-manager $KUBE_CONTROLLER_MANAGER_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

启动&开机自启

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start kube-controller-manager && systemctl enable kube-controller-manager

部署kube-scheduler

创建配置文件

cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-scheduler.conf << EOF
KUBE_SCHEDULER_dataS="--logtostderr=false \--v=2 \--log-dir=/data/kubernetes/logs \--leader-elect \--master=127.0.0.1:8080 \--bind-address=127.0.0.1"
EOF

--master:通过本地非安全本地端口8080连接apiserver。

--leader-elect:当该组件启动多个时，自动选举(HA)

systemctl管理kube-scheduler

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-scheduler.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Scheduler
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-scheduler.conf
ExecStart=/data/kubernetes/bin/kube-scheduler \$KUBE_SCHEDULER_dataS
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

启动&开机自启

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start kube-scheduler && systemctl enable kube-scheduler

至此master部署完成，集群状态查看

kubectl get cs

返回如下结果，证明mater部署ok

NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                  
scheduler            Healthy   ok                  
etcd-2               Healthy   {"health":"true"}   
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"}   
etcd-1               Healthy   {"health":"true"}

部署WorkNode

当前操作节点是： 192.168.56.14(将这个master也作为node)

需要的软件：
- kubelet
- kube-proxy

基础软件包准备

# 创建软件目录
mkdir -p /data/kubernetes/{cfg,bin,ssl,logs}
# 文件下载与拷贝
wget https://dl.k8s.io/v1.18.4/kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz && tar xf kubernetes-server-linux-amd64.tar.gz 
cp kubernetes/server/bin/kube-proxy /data/kubernetes/bin/
cp kubernetes/server/bin/kubelet /data/kubernetes/bin/

部署kubelet

创建kubelet配置文件

cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf << EOF
KUBELET_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \--v=2 \--log-dir=/data/kubernetes/logs \--hostname-override=k8s-master \--network-plugin=cni \--kubeconfig=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.kubeconfig \--bootstrap-kubeconfig=/data/kubernetes/cfg/bootstrap.kubeconfig \--config=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet-config.yml \--cert-dir=/data/kubernetes/ssl \--pod-infra-container-image=lizhenliang/pause-amd64:3.0"
EOF

--hostname-override:显示名称，集群中唯一

--network-plugin:启用CNI

--kubeconfig:空路径，会自动生成，后面用于连接apiserver

--bootstrap-kubeconfig:首次启动向apiserver申请证书

--config:配置参数文件

--cert-dir:kubelet证书生成目录

--pod-infra-container-image:管理Pod网络容器的镜像

创建参数配置文件

cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet-config.yml << EOF 
kind: KubeletConfiguration
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
address: 0.0.0.0
port: 10250
readOnlyPort: 10255
cgroupDriver: cgroupfs
clusterDNS:
- 10.0.0.2
clusterDomain: cluster.local
failSwapOn: false
authentication:
  anonymous:
    enabled: false
  webhook:
    cacheTTL: 2m0s
    enabled: true
  x509:
    clientCAFile: /data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem
authorization:
  mode: Webhook
  webhook:
    cacheAuthorizedTTL: 5m0s
    cacheUnauthorizedTTL: 30s
evictionHard:
  imagefs.available: 15%
  memory.available: 100Mi
  nodefs.available: 10%
  nodefs.inodesFree: 5%
maxOpenFiles: 1000000
maxPods: 110
EOF

生成bootstrap.kubeconfig文件

KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.168.56.14:6443" # apiserver IP:PORT TOKEN="2b4b65d2e33e24dc0beafddda6dd4b23" # 与token.csv里保持一致
# 生成 kubelet bootstrap kubeconfig 配置文件
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes --certificate-authority=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem --embed-certs=true --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} --kubeconfig=bootstrap.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-credentials "kubelet-bootstrap" --token=${TOKEN} --kubeconfig=bootstrap.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-context default --cluster=kubernetes --user="kubelet-bootstrap" --kubeconfig=bootstrap.kubeconfig
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=bootstrap.kubeconfig
#拷贝生成的配置到cfg
cp bootstrap.kubeconfig /data/kubernetes/cfg

systemctl管理kubelet

创建启动文件

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service << EOF 
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Kubelet
After=docker.service
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf
ExecStart=/data/kubernetes/bin/kubelet $KUBELET_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
LimitNOFILE=65536
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

启动kubelet&开机自启动

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start kubelet && systemctl enable kubelet

如有异常，及时查看日志解决，大多数问题会出现在/data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet-config.yml格式上

批准kubelet证书申请并加入集群

查看kubelet证书请求

kubectl get csr

返回结果

NAME                                                   AGE   SIGNERNAME                                    REQUESTOR           CONDITION
node-csr-zJmrG00TW4zKRNPKoNo3ag0ojgPwEM2M3ARCsvVVyiI   60s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   kubelet-bootstrap   Pending

批准kubelet证书申请，并加入集群

 kubectl certificate approve node-csr-zJmrG00TW4zKRNPKoNo3ag0ojgPwEM2M3ARCsvVVyiI

查看节点

kubectl get node

返回结果

NAME         STATUS     ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   NotReady   <none>   2s    v1.18.4

注:由于网络插件还没有部署，节点会没有准备就绪 NotReady

部署kube-proxy

创建配置文件

cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy.conf << EOF 
KUBE_PROXY_OPTS="--logtostderr=false \--v=2 \--log-dir=/data/kubernetes/logs \--config=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml"
EOF

配置参数文件

cat > /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml << EOF
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
bindAddress: 0.0.0.0
metricsBindAddress: 0.0.0.0:10249
clientConnection:
  kubeconfig: /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy.kubeconfig
hostnameOverride: k8s-master
clusterCIDR: 10.0.0.0/24
EOF

生成kube-proxy.kubeconfig文件

证书签发

cd ~/TLS/k8s/
cat > kube-proxy-csr.json << EOF
{
    "CN":"system:kube-proxy",
    "hosts":[

    ],
    "key":{
        "algo":"rsa",
        "size":2048
    },
    "names":[
        {
            "C":"CN",
            "L":"BeiJing",
            "ST":"BeiJing",
            "O":"k8s",
            "OU":"System"
        }
    ]
}
# 生成证书
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy

生成kubeconfig配置文件

KUBE_APISERVER="https://192.168.56.14:6443"
kubectl config set-cluster kubernetes --certificate-authority=/data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem --embed-certs=true --server=${KUBE_APISERVER} --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-credentials kube-proxy --client-certificate=./kube-proxy.pem --client-key=./kube-proxy-key.pem --embed-certs=true --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
kubectl config set-context default --cluster=kubernetes --user=kube-proxy --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
kubectl config use-context default --kubeconfig=kube-proxy.kubeconfig
# 拷贝配置到cfg下
cp kube-proxy.kubeconfig /data/kubernetes/cfg/

systemctl管理kube-proxy

创建启动文件

cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-proxy.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Proxy
After=network.target
[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy.conf
ExecStart=/data/kubernetes/bin/kube-proxy $KUBE_PROXY_OPTS
Restart=on-failure
LimitNOFILE=65536
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

设置开机自启动

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start kube-proxy && systemctl enable kube-proxy

部署CNI网络

wget https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.8.6/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.8.6.tgz &&  mkdir /opt/cni/bin -p
tar zxvf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.8.6.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin/

部署flannel

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
sed -i -r "s#quay.io/coreos/flannel:.*-amd64#lizhenliang/flannel:v0.12.0-amd64#g" kube-flannel.yml
kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml

查看部署状态

kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   Ready    <none>   79m   v1.18.4

授权apiserver访问kubelet

创建配置

cat > apiserver-to-kubelet-rbac.yaml  <<EOF
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  annotations:
    rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: "true"
  labels:
    kubernetes.io/bootstrapping: rbac-defaults
  name: system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet
rules:
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/proxy
      - nodes/stats
      - nodes/log
      - nodes/spec
      - nodes/metrics
      - pods/log
    verbs:
      - "*"
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: system:kube-apiserver
  namespace: ""
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet
subjects:
  - apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    kind: User
    name: kubernetes
EOF

## 创建授权
kubectl apply -f apiserver-to-kubelet-rbac.yaml

新增workNode

同步文件和配置

将192.168.56.14上的node相关的配置拷贝到192.168.56.15，192.168.56.16上

# kubelet,kube-proxy拷贝
scp /data/kubernetes/bin/kubelet root@192.168.56.15:/data/kubernetes/bin/
scp /data/kubernetes/bin/kube-proxy root@192.168.56.15:/data/kubernetes/bin/
scp /data/kubernetes/bin/kubelet root@192.168.56.16:/data/kubernetes/bin/
scp /data/kubernetes/bin/kube-proxy root@192.168.56.16:/data/kubernetes/bin/
# cni插件拷贝
scp -rp /opt/cni/ root@192.168.56.15:/opt
scp -rp /opt/cni/ root@192.168.56.16:/opt
# 证书拷贝
scp /data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem 192.168.56.15:/data/kubernetes/ssl/
scp /data/kubernetes/ssl/ca.pem 192.168.56.16:/data/kubernetes/ssl/
# 配置文件拷贝
scp /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy* 192.168.56.15:/data/kubernetes/cfg/
scp /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy* 192.168.56.16:/data/kubernetes/cfg/
scp /data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet* 192.168.56.15:/data/kubernetes/cfg/
scp /data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet* 192.168.56.16:/data/kubernetes/cfg/
scp /data/kubernetes/cfg/bootstrap.kubeconfig 192.168.56.15:/data/kubernetes/cfg/
scp /data/kubernetes/cfg/bootstrap.kubeconfig 192.168.56.16:/data/kubernetes/cfg/
# 启动文件拷贝
scp /usr/lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service 192.168.56.15:/usr/lib/systemd/system/
scp /usr/lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service 192.168.56.16:/usr/lib/systemd/system/
scp /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-proxy.service 192.168.56.15:/usr/lib/systemd/system/
scp /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube-proxy.service 192.168.56.16:/usr/lib/systemd/system/

删除证书和配置文件

192.168.56.14

rm /data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.kubeconfig
rm -f /data/kubernetes/ssl/kubelet*

注:这几个文件是证书申请审批后自动生成的，每个Node不同，必须删除重新生成。

配置新的Node节点

修改kubelet和kube-proxy配置文件

vi /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf 
--hostname-override=k8s-node1
vi /opt/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml 
hostnameOverride: k8s-node1

配置kubectl和kube-proxy开机启动

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start kubelet && systemctl start kube-proxy
systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl enable kube-proxy

在master节点上准许node加入

获取准入的node信息

kubectl get csr  
NAME                                                   AGE     SIGNERNAME                                    REQUESTOR           CONDITION
node-csr-63HqXs5ifBWopOS6dZAO8bRJ8PImXljxbOt-2wV5hHg   7m57s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   kubelet-bootstrap   Pending
node-csr-t6XNO793xatm4gCwQiYH4QDOeIY4yMx8C0SUXSNye7c   38s     kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   kubelet-bootstrap   Pending

准入node

kubectl certificate approve node-csr-63HqXs5ifBWopOS6dZAO8bRJ8PImXljxbOt-2wV5hHg
kubectl certificate approve node-csr-t6XNO793xatm4gCwQiYH4QDOeIY4yMx8C0SUXSNye7c

查看状态

kubectl get node
NAME         STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
k8s-master   Ready    <none>   3h32m   v1.18.4
k8s-node1    Ready    <none>   106s    v1.18.4
k8s-node2    Ready    <none>   105s    v1.18.4

如果新加的node不是Ready，那就重新apply 一下kube-flannel.yml

部署Dashboard和CoreDNS

部署Dashboard

git地址： https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.3/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.3/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml
vim recommended.yaml
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
      nodePort: 30001
  type: NodePort
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
# 部署dashboard
kubectl apply -f recommended.yml  
# 查看状态
kubectl get pods,svc -n kubernetes-dashboard

创建dashboard访问token

kubectl create serviceaccount dashboard-admin -n kube-system
kubectl create clusterrolebinding dashboard-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kube-system:dashboard-admin
kubectl describe secrets -n kube-system $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | awk ‘/dashboard-admin/{print $1}‘)     #获取token

此时可以直接访问https://NodeIP:30001 NodeIP也就是宿主机的IP

谷歌浏览器访问的时候证书存在问题，需要重新自签证书才能访问

# 使用cfssl生成证书,继续在192.168.56.14 master节点操作
cd ~/TLS/k8s/
cat > dashboard-csr.json <<EOF
dashboard-csr.json 
{
    "CN":"system:kubernetes-dashboard",
    "hosts":[

    ],
    "key":{
        "algo":"rsa",
        "size":2048
    },
    "names":[
        {
            "C":"CN",
            "L":"BeiJing",
            "ST":"BeiJing",
            "O":"k8s",
            "OU":"System"
        }
    ]
}
# 签发证书
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes dashboard-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes-dashboard
# 生成证书如下
ll kubernetes-dashboard*pem
-rw------- 1 root root 1675 Jul  9 10:53 kubernetes-dashboard-key.pem
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1415 Jul  9 10:53 kubernetes-dashboard.pem
#拷贝证书到/data/kubernetes/ssl
cp kubernetes-dashboard*pem /data/kubernetes/ssl/

删除默认的secret,使用自签证书创建新的secret

#删除secret
kubectl delete secret kubernetes-dashboard-certs -n kubernetes-dashboard
#自签证书创建新的secret
kubectl create secret generic kubernetes-dashboard-certs --from-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/kubernetes-dashboard-key.pem --from-file=/data/kubernetes/ssl/kubernetes-dashboard.pem -n kubernetes-dashboard

修改dasoboard.yml (recommanded.yml)

vim recommended.yaml
args:
            - --auto-generate-certificates
            - --tls-key-file=kubernetes-dashboard-key.pem
            - --tls-cert-file=kubernetes-dashboard.pem
            - --namespace=kubernetes-dashboard
# apply
kubectl apply -f recommended.yaml
# 查看token，使用这个token，可以直接访问https://NodeIP:30001  NodeIP也就是宿主机的IP
kubectl describe secrets -n kube-system $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | awk ‘/dashboard-admin/{print $1}‘)

部署coreDNS

用于集群内部Service名称解析

# 下载coredns
git clone https://github.com/coredns/deployment.git
cd deployment/kubernetes/
# 修改部署脚本
vim deploy.sh
if [[ -z $CLUSTER_DNS_IP ]]; then
  # Default IP to kube-dns IP
  # CLUSTER_DNS_IP=$(kubectl get service --namespace kube-system kube-dns -o jsonpath="{.spec.clusterIP}")
  CLUSTER_DNS_IP=10.10.0.2

# 执行部署
yum -y install epel-release jq
./deploy.sh | kubectl apply -f -

dns解析测试

kubectl run -it --rm dns-test --image=busybox:1.28.4 sh 
If you don‘t see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
/ # nslookup kubernetes
Server: 10.0.0.2
Address 1: 10.0.0.2 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: kubernetes
Address 1: 10.0.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local

高可用架构

Kubernetes作为容器集群系统，通过健康检查+重启策略实现了Pod故障自我修复能力，通过调度算法实现将Pod分布式部署，并保持预期副本数，根据Node失效状态自动在其他Node拉起Pod，实现了应用层的高可用性。

针对Kubernetes集群，高可用性还应包含以下两个层面的考虑:Etcd数据库的高可用性和Kubernetes Master组件的高可用性。而Etcd我们已经采用3个节点组建集群实现高可用，本节将对Master节点高可用进行说明和实施。

Master节点扮演着总控中心的角色，通过不断与工作节点上的Kubelet和kube-proxy进行通信来维护整个集群的健康工作状态。如果Master节点故障，将无法使用kubectl工具或者API做任何集群管理。

Master节点主要有三个服务kube-apiserver、kube-controller-manager和kube-scheduler，其中kube- controller-manager和kube-scheduler组件自身通过选择机制已经实现了高可用，所以Master高可用主要针对kube-apiserver组件，而该组件是以HTTP API提供服务，因此对他高可用与Web服务器类似，增加负载均衡器对其负载均衡即可，并且可水平扩容。

多Master架构图:

技术图片

扩容流程

新增主机：centos7-node7, 角色k8s-master2

系统初始化
安装docker

wget https://download.docker.com/linux/static/stable/x86_64/docker-19.03.9.tgz
tar xf docker-19.03.9.tgz
mv docker/* /usr/bin/
mkdir /data/docker
mkdir /etc/docker

创建ETCD证书目录（mkdir /data/etcd/ssl -p）
拷贝文件，从master-1拷贝到新机器

# 创建目录
mkdir /data/kubernetes/{ssl,bin,cfg,logs} -pv
# CNI
scp -rp /opt/cni/ 192.168.56.17:/opt
# 证书
scp -rp /data/etcd/ssl/* 192.168.56.17:/data/etcd/ssl/
scp -rp /data/kubernetes/ssl/* 192.168.56.17:/data/kubernetes/ssl/
# 二进制文件
scp -rp /data/kubernetes/bin/kube* 192.168.56.17:/data/kubernetes/bin
# 配置文件
scp /data/kubernetes/cfg/* 192.168.56.17:/data/kubernetes/cfg/

# 启动脚本
scp -rp /usr/lib/systemd/system/kube* 192.168.56.17:/usr/lib/systemd/system/
scp -rp /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service 192.168.56.17:/usr/lib/systemd/system/

修改配置文件

$ vim /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-apiserver.conf
--bind-address=192.168.56.17 --advertise-address=192.168.56.17 $ vim /data/kubernetes/cfg/kubelet.conf
--hostname-override=k8s-master2
$ vim /data/kubernetes/cfg/kube-proxy-config.yml 
hostnameOverride: k8s-master2

启动服务

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start docker && systemctl start kube-apiserver && systemctl start kube-controller-manager && systemctl start kube-scheduler && systemctl start kubelet && systemctl start kube-proxy
systemctl enable kube-apiserver && systemctl enable docker && systemctl enable kube-controller-manager && systemctl enable kube-scheduler && systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl enable kube-proxy

master-1查看集群状态

$ kubectl get cs
NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                  
scheduler            Healthy   ok                  
etcd-2               Healthy   {"health":"true"}   
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"}   
etcd-1               Healthy   {"health":"true"}

k8s-mater1 准入新master节点

$ kubectl get csr
NAME                                                   AGE     SIGNERNAME                                    REQUESTOR           CONDITION
node-csr-wAP8aDK22Olbn5G34KDaH9xvAn49UyE2DkacElw4SFE   2m19s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet   kubelet-bootstrap   Pending
$ kubectl certificate approve node-csr-wAP8aDK22Olbn5G34KDaH9xvAn49UyE2DkacElw4SFE
$ kubectl get node

此时，dashboard使用原来的信息登陆的时候会拿不到系统资源

# 创建 授权
cat > admin.yml <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: admin-user
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
EOF
# 开始授权
kubectl apply -f admin.yml
# 获取token
$ kubectl get secret -A | grep admin-user
kubernetes-dashboard   admin-user-token-678nn             kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      26s
$ kubectl describe secret admin-user-token-678nn -n kubernetes-dashboard

部署ngixn负载均衡

技术图片

Nginx是一个主流Web服务和反向代理服务器，这里用四层实现对apiserver实现负载均衡。

Keepalived是一个主流高可用软件，基于VIP绑定实现服务器双机热备，在上述拓扑中， Keepalived主要根据Nginx运行状态判断是否需要故障转移(偏移VIP)，例如当Nginx主节点挂掉，VIP会自动绑定在Nginx备节点，从而保证VIP一直可用，实现Nginx高可用。

资源规划

节点hostname	ip	角色	软件
centos7-node8	192.168.56.18	nginx+keepalived	nginx+keepalived
centos7-node9	192.168.56.19	nginx+keepalived	nginx+keepalived

软件安装与配置

软件安装

# 软件安装
yum install epel-release -y
yum install nginx keepalived -y

软件配置
- nginx配置

# nginx配置
$ vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}
# 四层负载均衡，为两台Master apiserver组件提供负载均衡 
stream {
    log_format main ‘$remote_addr $upstream_addr - [$time_local] $status $upstream_bytes_sent‘;
    access_log /var/log/nginx/k8s-access.log main;
    upstream k8s-apiserver { 
        server 192.168.56.14:6443; 
        server 192.168.56.74:6443;
    }

    server {
        listen 6443;
        proxy_pass k8s-apiserver;
    }
}

http {
    log_format main ‘$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ‘
        ‘$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ‘ ‘"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"‘;
    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    include  /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name _;
        location / {
        }
    }
}

keepalived配置

$ vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
global_defs {
   notification_email {
      acassen@firewall.loc
      failover@firewall.loc
      sysadmin@firewall.loc

   }
   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
   smtp_server 127.0.0.1
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id NGINX_BACKUP
}

vrrp_script check_nginx {
   script "/etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh"
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth1
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.56.111/24
    }
    track_script {
        check_nginx
    }
}

注意： virtual_router_id # VRRP 路由 ID实例，每个实例是唯一的 priority 100 # 优先级，备服务器设置 90，所以两台机器上的这个优先级设置是不一样的

上述脚本中的健康检查脚本

$ vim /etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh
#!/bin/bash
count=$(ps -ef |grep nginx |egrep -cv "grep|$$")
if [ "$count" -eq 0 ];then 
    exit 1
else
    exit 0
fi

$ chmod +x /etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh

服务设置开机自启动

systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl start nginx && systemctl start keepalived && systemctl enable nginx && systemctl enable keepalived

kubernetes(七) 二进制部署k8s（1.18.4版本）

标签：自动本地 node节点 source connect ups yml uid 谷歌浏览器

原文地址：https://blog.51cto.com/13812615/2509816

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