常用SQL命令

1 select segment_name, bytes from user_segments  order by bytes desc

1 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
2 from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
3 where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
4 group by t.tablespace_name;

1 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
2 round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
3 from dba_data_files
4 order by tablespace_name;

1 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
2 (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
3 max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
4 From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
5 Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
6 order by segment_name;

1 select name from v$controlfile;

1 select member from v$logfile;

1 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
2 from dba_free_space
3 group by tablespace_name;

1 SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
2  
3 (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
4  
5 FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
6  
7 WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 
8 
9  

1 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;

1 Select version FROM Product_component_version
2 Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)=‘Oracle‘;

1 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;

 1 column username format a12
 2 column opname format a16
 3 column progress format a8
 4  
 5 
 6 select username,sid,opname, round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || ‘%‘ as progress, time_remaining,sql_text
 7 from v$session_longops , v$sql
 8 where time_remaining <> 0
 9 and sql_address = address
10 and sql_hash_value = hash_value
11 /

 1 SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
 2  
 3         pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
 4  
 5         next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
 6  
 7         freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
 8  
 9         empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,
10  
11         last_analyzed
12  
13    FROM dba_tab_partitions
14  
15   --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
16  
17 ORDER BY partition_position

1 select * from v$locked_object;
2 
3 select * from v$transaction;

 1 select 
 2  
 3 p.spid,
 4  
 5 s.sid,
 6  
 7 s.serial# serial_num,
 8  
 9 s.username user_name,
10  
11 a.type  object_type,
12  
13 s.osuser os_user_name,
14  
15 a.owner,
16  
17 a.object object_name,
18  
19 decode(sign(48 - command),
20  
21 1,
22  
23 to_char(command), ‘Action Code #‘ || to_char(command) ) action,
24  
25 p.program oracle_process,
26  
27 s.terminal terminal,
28  
29 s.program program,
30  
31 s.status session_status   
32  
33 from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p   
34  
35 where s.paddr = p.addr and
36  
37      s.type = ‘USER‘ and    
38  
39      a.sid = s.sid   and
40  
41   a.object=‘SUBSCRIBER_ATTR‘
42  
43 order by s.username, s.osuser
44 
45  

 1 select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents 
 2  
 3 Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs, 
 4  
 5 v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes, 
 6  
 7 sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, 
 8  
 9 v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and 
10  
11 v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum

 1 select s.schemaname schema_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, 
 2  
 3 to_char(command), ‘Action Code #‘ || to_char(command) ) action,    status 
 4  
 5 session_status,   s.osuser os_user_name,   s.sid,         p.spid ,         s.serial# serial_num,   
 6  
 7 nvl(s.username, ‘[Oracle process]‘) user_name,   s.terminal terminal,    
 8  
 9 s.program program,   st.value criteria_value  from v$sesstat st,   v$session s  , v$process p   
10  
11 where st.sid = s.sid and   st.statistic# = to_number(‘38‘) and   (‘ALL‘ = ‘ALL‘ 
12  
13 or s.status = ‘ALL‘) and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,  p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc

 1 select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,   ls.username user_name,   
 2  
 3 decode(ls.type, ‘RW‘, ‘Row wait enqueue lock‘, ‘TM‘, ‘DML enqueue lock‘, ‘TX‘, 
 4  
 5 ‘Transaction enqueue lock‘, ‘UL‘, ‘User supplied lock‘) lock_type,   
 6  
 7 o.object_name object,   decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, ‘Row Share‘, 3, 
 8  
 9 ‘Row Exclusive‘, 4, ‘Share‘, 5, ‘Share Row Exclusive‘, 6, ‘Exclusive‘, null) 
10  
11 lock_mode,    o.owner,   ls.sid,   ls.serial# serial_num,   ls.id1,   ls.id2    
12  
13 from sys.dba_objects o, (   select s.osuser,    s.username,    l.type,     
14  
15 l.lmode,    s.sid,    s.serial#,    l.id1,    l.id2   from v$session s,     
16  
17 v$lock l   where s.sid = l.sid ) ls  where o.object_id = ls.id1 and    o.owner 
18  
19 <> ‘SYS‘   order by o.owner, o.object_name

1 SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value 
2 FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN (‘db block gets‘, 
3 ‘consistent gets‘) group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count

1 SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC

1 SELECT owner,  name, db_link,namespace, type,sharable_mem, loads,  executions,  locks,  pins, kept      
2 FROM v$db_object_cache

1 SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS, 
2  
3 VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS, 
4  
5 USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
6  
7 BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
8 
9  

select decode (o.type#,1,‘INDEX‘ , 2,‘TABLE‘ , 3 , ‘CLUSTER‘ , 4, ‘VIEW‘ , 5 , 
 
‘SYNONYM‘ , 6 , ‘SEQUENCE‘ , ‘OTHER‘ ) object_type , count(*) quantity from 
 
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,‘INDEX‘ , 2,‘TABLE‘ , 3 
 
, ‘CLUSTER‘ , 4, ‘VIEW‘ , 5 , ‘SYNONYM‘ , 6 , ‘SEQUENCE‘ , ‘OTHER‘ ) union select 
 
‘COLUMN‘ , count(*) from sys.col$ union select ‘DB LINK‘ , count(*) from 

select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,   
 
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL)) 
 
clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1, 
 
NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,   
 
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1)) 
 
others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# = 
 
o.owner# and   u.name <> ‘PUBLIC‘   group by u.name    order by 
 
sys.link$ union select ‘CONSTRAINT‘ , count(*) from sys.con$

select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
 
‘Action Code #‘ || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,     
 
status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,    

s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    ‘‘ query,    
 
0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num    
 
from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = ‘USER‘  
 
order by s.username, s.osuser

select n.name, 
 
 v.value, 
 
 n.class,
 
 n.statistic#  
 
from  v$statname n, 
 
 v$sesstat v 
 
where v.sid = 71 and 
 
 v.statistic# = n.statistic# 
 
order by n.class, n.statistic#

select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
 
 command_type, 
 
 sql_text, 
 
 sharable_mem, 
 
 persistent_mem, 
 
 runtime_mem, 
 
 sorts, 
 
 version_count, 
 
 loaded_versions, 
 
 open_versions, 
 
 users_opening, 
 
 executions, 
 
 users_executing, 
 
 loads, 
 
 first_load_time, 
 
 invalidations, 
 
 parse_calls, 
 
 disk_reads, 
 
 buffer_gets, 
 
 rows_processed,
 
 sysdate start_time,
 
 sysdate finish_time,
 
 ‘>‘ || address sql_address,
 
 ‘N‘ status 
 
from v$sqlarea
 
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)

select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱",
 
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "佔用率(%)",
 
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",
 
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閒(M)",
 
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",
 
Largest "最大擴展段(M)",
 
to_char(sysdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) "採樣時間" 
 
from  (select f.tablespace_name,
 
   sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
 
   sum(decode(f.autoextensible,‘YES‘,f.maxbytes,‘NO‘,f.bytes)) maxbytes 
 
from dba_data_files f 
 
group by tablespace_name) a,
 
(select  f.tablespace_name,
 
    sum(f.bytes) bytes_free 
 
from dba_free_space f 
 
group by tablespace_name) b,
 
(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
 
   ts.name tablespace_name 
 
from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts 
 
where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts# 
 
group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c 
 
where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name

 1 select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name 
 2  
 3 having count(tablespace_name)>10; 
 4  
 5  
 6  
 7 alter tablespace name coalesce; 
 8  
 9 alter table name deallocate unused; 
10  
11  
12  
13 create or replace view ts_blocks_v as 
14  
15 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,‘free space‘ segment_name from dba_free_space 
16  
17 union all 
18  
19 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents; 
20  
21  
22  
23 select * from ts_blocks_v; 
24  
25  
26  
27 select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space 
28  
29 group by tablespace_name;
30 
31  

1 select inst_name from v$active_instances;

1 select t.TABLESPACE_NAME,t.TABLE_NAME, t.NUM_ROWS  nrows from user_tables t

   1 ###############資料字典 ########## 
   2  
   3  
   4  
   5 set wrap off 
   6  
   7  
   8  
   9 select * from v$dba_users; 
  10  
  11  
  12  
  13 grant select on table_name to user/rule; 
  14  
  15  
  16  
  17 select * from user_tables; 
  18  
  19  
  20  
  21 select * from all_tables; 
  22  
  23  
  24  
  25 select * from dba_tables; 
  26  
  27  
  28  
  29 revoke dba from user_name; 
  30  
  31  
  32  
  33 shutdown immediate 
  34  
  35  
  36  
  37 startup nomount 
  38  
  39  
  40  
  41 select * from v$instance; 
  42  
  43  
  44  
  45 select * from v$sga; 
  46  
  47  
  48  
  49 select * from v$tablespace; 
  50  
  51  
  52  
  53 alter session set nls_language=american; 
  54  
  55  
  56  
  57 alter database mount; 
  58  
  59  
  60  
  61 select * from v$database; 
  62  
  63  
  64  
  65 alter database open; 
  66  
  67  
  68  
  69 desc dictionary 
  70  
  71  
  72  
  73 select * from dict; 
  74  
  75  
  76  
  77 desc v$fixed_table; 
  78  
  79  
  80  
  81 select * from v$fixed_table; 
  82  
  83  
  84  
  85 set oracle_sid=foxconn 
  86  
  87  
  88  
  89 select * from dba_objects; 
  90  
  91  
  92  
  93 set serveroutput on 
  94  
  95  
  96  
  97 execute dbms_output.put_line(‘sfasd‘); 
  98  
  99  
 100  
 101 #############控制文件 ########### 
 102  
 103  
 104  
 105 select * from v$database; 
 106  
 107  
 108  
 109 select * from v$tablespace; 
 110  
 111  
 112  
 113 select * from v$logfile; 
 114  
 115  
 116  
 117 select * from v$log; 
 118  
 119  
 120  
 121 select * from v$backup; 
 122  
 123  
 124  
 125 /*備份用戶表空間*/ 
 126  
 127 alter tablespace users begin backup; 
 128  
 129  
 130  
 131 select * from v$archived_log; 
 132  
 133  
 134  
 135 select * from v$controlfile; 
 136  
 137  
 138  
 139 alter system set control_files=‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl‘, 
 140  
 141 ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl‘ scope=spfile; 
 142  
 143  
 144  
 145 cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl 
 146  
 147  
 148  
 149 startup pfile=‘../initSID.ora‘ 
 150  
 151  
 152  
 153 select * from v$parameter where name like ‘control%‘ ; 
 154  
 155  
 156  
 157 show parameter control; 
 158  
 159  
 160  
 161 select * from v$controlfile_record_section; 
 162  
 163  
 164  
 165 select * from v$tempfile; 
 166  
 167  
 168  
 169 /*備份控制檔*/ 
 170  
 171 alter database backup controlfile to ‘../filepath/control.bak‘; 
 172  
 173  
 174  
 175 /*備份控制檔，並將二進位控制檔變為了asc的文字檔案*/ 
 176  
 177 alter database backup controlfile to trace; 
 178  
 179  
 180  
 181 ############### redo log ############## 
 182  
 183  
 184  
 185 archive log list; 
 186  
 187  
 188  
 189 alter system archive log start;--啟動自動封存
 190  
 191  
 192  
 193 alter system switch logfile;--強行進行一次日誌switch 
 194  
 195  
 196  
 197 alter system checkpoint;--強制進行一次checkpoint 
 198  
 199  
 200  
 201 alter tablspace users begin backup; 
 202  
 203  
 204  
 205 alter tablespace offline; 
 206  
 207  
 208  
 209 /*checkpoint同步頻率參數FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高，系統恢復所需時間越短*/ 
 210  
 211 show parameter fast; 
 212  
 213  
 214  
 215 show parameter log_checkpoint; 
 216  
 217  
 218  
 219 /*加入一個日誌組*/ 
 220  
 221 alter database add logfile group 3 (‘/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘ size 10M); 
 222  
 223  
 224  
 225 /*加入日誌組的一個成員*/ 
 226  
 227 alter database add logfile member ‘/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘ to group 3; 
 228  
 229  
 230  
 231 /*刪除日誌組:當前日誌組不能刪；活動的日誌組不能刪；非歸檔的日誌組不能刪*/ 
 232  
 233 alter database drop logfile group 3; 
 234  
 235  
 236  
 237 /*刪除日誌組中的某個成員，但每個組的最後一個成員不能被刪除*/ 
 238  
 239 alter databse drop logfile member ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘; 
 240  
 241  
 242  
 243 /*清除線上日誌*/ 
 244  
 245 alter database clear logfile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘; 
 246  
 247  
 248  
 249 alter database clear logfile group 3; 
 250  
 251  
 252  
 253 /*清除非歸檔日誌*/ 
 254  
 255 alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; 
 256  
 257  
 258  
 259 /*重命名日誌檔*/ 
 260  
 261 alter database rename file ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘ to ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo‘; 
 262  
 263  
 264  
 265 show parameter db_create; 
 266  
 267  
 268  
 269 alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1=‘path_name‘; 
 270  
 271  
 272  
 273 select * from v$log; 
 274  
 275  
 276  
 277 select * from v$logfile; 
 278  
 279  
 280  
 281 /*資料庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啟動到mount狀態下才能改變;startup mount;然後再打開資料庫.*/ 
 282  
 283 alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; 
 284  
 285  
 286  
 287 achive log start;---啟動自動歸檔
 288  
 289  
 290  
 291 alter system archive all;－－手工歸檔所有日誌檔
 292  
 293  
 294  
 295 select * from v$archived_log; 
 296  
 297  
 298  
 299 show parameter log_archive; 
 300  
 301  
 302  
 303 /*使用字元函數(右邊截取,欄位中包含某個字元,左邊填充某字元到固定位元數,右邊填充某字元到固定位元數)*/ 
 304  
 305 select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,‘g‘),LPAD(col3,10,‘$‘),RPAD(col4,10,‘%‘) from table_name; 
 306  
 307  
 308  
 309 /*使用數位函數(往右/左幾位四捨五入,取整,取餘)*/ 
 310  
 311 select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; 
 312  
 313  
 314  
 315 /*使用日期函數(計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期,兩個日期間相隔幾個月,在某個月份上加幾個月,某個日期的下一個日期, 
 316  
 317 某日期所在月的最後的日期,對某個日期的月分四捨五入，對某個日期的月份進行取整)*/ 
 318  
 319 select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,‘FRIDAY‘),last_day(sysdate), 
 320  
 321 round(sysdate,‘MONTH‘),trunc(sysdate,‘MONTH‘) from table_name; 
 322  
 323  
 324  
 325 /*使用NULL函數(當expr1為空取expr2/當expr1為空取expr2,否則取expr3/當expr1=expr2返回空)*/ 
 326  
 327 select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; 
 328  
 329  
 330  
 331 select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when ‘50‘ then column2*1.1 
 332  
 333 when ‘30‘ then column2*2.1 
 334  
 335 when ‘10‘ then column3/20 
 336  
 337 else column3 
 338  
 339 end as ttt 
 340  
 341 from table_name ; ------使用case函數
 342  
 343  
 344  
 345 select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 
 346  
 347 [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒連接
 348  
 349 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個表中的同名列連接
 350  
 351 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接
 352  
 353 [JOIN table2 
 354  
 355 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | 
 356  
 357 [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相當於(+)=,=(+)連接,全外連接
 358  
 359 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法; 
 360  
 361  
 362  
 363 example: 
 364  
 365 select col1,col2 from table1 t1 
 366  
 367 join table2 t2 
 368  
 369 on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 
 370  
 371 join table3 t3 
 372  
 373 on t2.col1=t3.col3; 
 374  
 375  
 376  
 377 select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 
 378  
 379  
 380  
 381 select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 
 382  
 383  
 384  
 385 insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); 
 386  
 387  
 388  
 389 MERGE INTO table_name table1 
 390  
 391 USING table_name2 table2 
 392  
 393 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) 
 394  
 395 WHEN MATCHED THEN 
 396  
 397 UPDATE SET 
 398  
 399 table1.col1=table2.col2, 
 400  
 401 table1.col2=table2.col3, 
 402  
 403 ... 
 404  
 405 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN 
 406  
 407 INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合併語句
 408  
 409  
 410  
 411 ##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### 
 412  
 413  
 414  
 415 alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column 
 416  
 417  
 418  
 419 alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設置列無效，這個比較快。
 420  
 421 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設為無效的列
 422  
 423  
 424  
 425 rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
 426  
 427  
 428  
 429 comment on table table_name is ‘comment message‘;----給表放入注釋信息
 430  
 431  
 432  
 433 create table table_name 
 434  
 435 (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), 
 436  
 437 constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件
 438  
 439  
 440  
 441 alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----創建主鍵
 442  
 443  
 444  
 445 /*建立外鍵*/ 
 446  
 447 create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); 
 448  
 449  
 450  
 451 alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like ‘K%‘); 
 452  
 453  
 454  
 455 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; 
 456  
 457  
 458  
 459 alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯刪除主鍵
 460  
 461  
 462  
 463 alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時無效
 464  
 465  
 466  
 467 /*刪除列，並級聯刪除此列下的約束條件*/ 
 468  
 469 alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; 
 470  
 471  
 472  
 473 select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關視圖
 474  
 475  
 476  
 477 ############## Create Views ##################### 
 478  
 479  
 480  

 481 CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] 
 482  
 483 AS subquery 
 484  
 485 [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] 
 486  
 487 [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------創建視圖的語法
 488  
 489  
 490  
 491 example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------創建視圖
 492  
 493 /*使用別名*/ 
 494  
 495 Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; 
 496  
 497 /*創建複雜視圖*/ 
 498  
 499 Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; 
 500  
 501 /*當用update修改資料時，必須滿足視圖的col1>10的條件，不滿足則不能被改變.*/ 
 502  
 503 Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; 
 504  
 505  
 506  
 507 /*改變視圖的值.對於簡單視圖可以用update語法修改表資料，但複雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數，group by ,distinct等的列*/ 
 508  
 509 update view_name set col1=value1; 
 510  
 511  
 512  
 513 /*TOP-N分析*/ 
 514  
 515 select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; 
 516  
 517  
 518  
 519 /*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/ 
 520  
 521 example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; 
 522  
 523  
 524  
 525 ############# Other database Object ############### 
 526  
 527  
 528  
 529 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] 
 530  
 531 [START WITH n] 
 532  
 533 [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] 
 534  
 535 [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] 
 536  
 537 [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] 
 538  
 539 [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----創建SEQUENCE 
 540  
 541  
 542  
 543 example: 
 544  
 545 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 
 546  
 547 START WITH 120 
 548  
 549 MAXVALUE 9999 
 550  
 551 NOCACHE 
 552  
 553 NOCYCLE; 
 554  
 555  
 556  
 557 select * from user_sequences ;---當前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖
 558  
 559  
 560  
 561 select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
 562  
 563  
 564  
 565 alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 
 566  
 567 MAXVALUE 999999 
 568  
 569 NOCACHE 
 570  
 571 NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號
 572  
 573  
 574  
 575 drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence 
 576  
 577  
 578  
 579 CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------創建同義詞
 580  
 581  
 582  
 583 DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞
 584  
 585  
 586  
 587 CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----創建DBLINK 
 588  
 589  
 590  
 591 select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠端資料庫中的物件
 592  
 593  
 594  
 595 /*union操作，它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮，並對資料排序*/ 
 596  
 597 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 598  
 599  
 600  
 601 /*union all操作，兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮，且不對資料排序*/ 
 602  
 603 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 604  
 605  
 606  
 607 /*intersect操作，求兩個集合的交集,它將對重復資料進行壓縮，且排序*/ 
 608  
 609 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 610  
 611  
 612  
 613 /*minus操作，集合減,它將壓縮兩個集合減後的重複記錄,且對資料排序*/ 
 614  
 615 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 
 616  
 617  
 618  
 619 /*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的年*/ 
 620  
 621 select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 
 622  
 623 /*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的月*/ 
 624  
 625 select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 
 626  
 627  
 628  
 629 ##########################增強的group by子句 ######################### 
 630  
 631  
 632  
 633 select [column,] group_function(column)... 
 634  
 635 from table 
 636  
 637 [WHERE condition] 
 638  
 639 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 
 640  
 641 [HAVING having_expression]; 
 642  
 643 [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，對group by子句的各欄位從右到左進行再聚合
 644  
 645  
 646  
 647 example: 
 648  
 649 /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計*/ 
 650  
 651 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); 
 652  
 653 /*複合rollup運算式*/ 
 654  
 655 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); 
 656  
 657  
 658  
 659 select [column,] group_function(column)... 
 660  
 661 from table 
 662  
 663 [WHERE condition] 
 664  
 665 [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] 
 666  
 667 [HAVING having_expression]; 
 668  
 669 [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再對ROLLUP後的結果集從右到左再聚合
 670  
 671  
 672  
 673 example: 
 674  
 675 /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計後，再對col2做小計，最後算總計*/ 
 676  
 677 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 
 678  
 679 /*複合rollup運算式*/ 
 680  
 681 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); 
 682  
 683 /*混合rollup,cube運算式*/ 
 684  
 685 select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); 
 686  
 687  
 688  
 689 /*GROUPING(expr)函數，查看select語句種以何欄位聚合，其取值為0或1*/ 
 690  
 691 select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) 
 692  
 693 from table 
 694  
 695 [WHERE condition] 
 696  
 697 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 
 698  
 699 [HAVING having_expression]; 
 700  
 701 [ORDER BY column]; 
 702  
 703  
 704  
 705 example: 
 706  
 707 select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 
 708  
 709  
 710  
 711 /*grouping sets操作，對group by結果集先對col1求和，再對col2求和，最後將其結果集並在一起*/ 
 712  
 713 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
 714  
 715  
 716  
 717 /*刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶(用戶物件下有物件的要用CASCADE，將其下一些物件一起刪除)*/ 
 718  
 719 drop user user_name [CASCADE]; 
 720  
 721  
 722  
 723 /*每個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什麼限額*/ 
 724  
 725 desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username=‘...‘; 
 726  
 727  
 728  
 729 /*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/ 
 730  
 731 alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; 
 732  
 733  
 734  
 735 ######### Managing Privileges ############# 
 736  
 737  
 738  
 739 grant create table,create session to user_name; 
 740  
 741  
 742  
 743 grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; 
 744  
 745  
 746  
 747 /*授予許可權語法,public標識所有用戶,with admin option允許能將許可權授予第三者的許可權*/ 
 748  
 749 grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; 
 750  
 751  
 752  
 753 select * from v$pwfile_users; 
 754  
 755  
 756  
 757 /*當O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數為True時，標識select any table時，包括系統表也能select ,否則，不包含系統表;缺省為false*/ 
 758  
 759 show parameter O7; 
 760  
 761  
 762  
 763 /*由於O7_dictionary_accessiblity為靜態參數，不能動態改變，故加scope=spfile,下次啟動時才生效*/ 
 764  
 765 alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; 
 766  
 767  
 768  
 769 /*授予物件中的某些欄位的許可權，如select某表中的某些欄位的許可權*/ 
 770  
 771 grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; 
 772  
 773  
 774  
 775 /*oracle不允許授予select某列的許可權,但可以授insert ,update某列的許可權*/ 
 776  
 777 grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; 
 778  
 779  
 780  
 781 select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; 
 782  
 783  
 784  
 785 /*db/os/none審計被記錄在資料庫/作業系統/不審計缺省是none*/ 
 786  
 787 show parameter audit_trail; 
 788  
 789  
 790  
 791 /*啟動對表的select動作*/ 
 792  
 793 audit select on user.table_name by session; 
 794  
 795  
 796  
 797 /*by session在每個session中發出command只記錄一次，by access則每個command都記錄*/ 
 798  
 799 audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; 
 800  
 801  
 802  
 803 desc dbms_fga;---進一步設計，則可使用dbms_fgs包
 804  
 805  
 806  
 807 /*取消審計*/ 
 808  
 809 noaudit select on user.table_name; 
 810  
 811  
 812  
 813 /*查被審計資訊*/ 
 814  
 815 select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; 
 816  
 817  
 818  
 819 /*獲取審計記錄*/ 
 820  
 821 select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; 
 822  
 823  
 824  
 825 ########### Managing Role ################# 
 826  
 827  
 828  
 829 create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; 
 830  
 831  
 832  
 833 create role role_name; 
 834  
 835 create role role_name identified by password; 
 836  
 837 create role role_name identified externally; 
 838  
 839  
 840  
 841 set role role_name ; ----啟動role 
 842  
 843 set role role_name identified by password; 
 844  
 845  
 846  
 847 alter role role_name not identified; 
 848  
 849 alter role role_name identified by password; 
 850  
 851 alter role role_name identified externally; 
 852  
 853  
 854  
 855 grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; 
 856  
 857 grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; 
 858  
 859 grant role_name1 to role_name2; 
 860  
 861 /*建立default role,用戶登錄時，缺省啟動default role*/ 
 862  
 863 alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; 
 864  
 865 alter user user_name default role all; 
 866  
 867 alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; 
 868  
 869 alter user user_name default role none; 
 870  
 871  
 872  
 873 set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; 
 874  
 875 set role all; 
 876  
 877 set role except role1,role2,...; 
 878  
 879 set role none; 
 880  
 881  
 882  
 883 revoke role_name from user_name; 
 884  
 885 revoke role_name from public; 
 886  
 887  
 888  
 889 drop role role_name; 
 890  
 891  
 892  
 893 select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; 
 894  
 895  
 896  
 897 ########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ 
 898  
 899  
 900  
 901 select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; 
 902  
 903  
 904  
 905 select col_name from table_name where col1 like ‘_o%‘; ----‘_‘匹配單個字元
 906  
 907 
 908 
 909  
 910  
 911 /*手工分配分區,分配的資料檔案必須是表所在表空間內的資料檔案*/ 
 912  
 913 alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile ‘...‘); 
 914  
 915  
 916  
 917 /*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/ 
 918  
 919 alter table table_name deallocate unused; 
 920  
 921  
 922  
 923 alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; 
 924  
 925  
 926  
 927 /*將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動表空間後，原表中的索引物件將會不可用，必須重建*/ 
 928  
 929 alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; 
 930  
 931  
 932  
 933 create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; 
 934  
 935  
 936  
 937 alter index index_name rebuild; 
 938  
 939  
 940  
 941 drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; 
 942  
 943  
 944  
 945 alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column 
 946  
 947  
 948  
 949 /*給表中不用的列做標記*/ 
 950  
 951 alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 
 952  
 953  
 954  
 955 /*drop表中不用的做了標記列*/ 
 956 
 957 alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 
 958  
 959  
 960  
 961 /*當在drop col是出現異常，使用CONTINUE，防止重刪前面的column*/ 
 962  
 963 ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; 
 964  
 965  
 966  
 967 select * from dba_tables/dba_objects; 
 968  
 969  
 970  
 971 ######## managing indexes ########## 
 972  
 973  
 974  
 975 /*create index*/ 
 976  
 977 example: 
 978  
 979 /*創建一般索引*/ 
 980  
 981 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 982  
 983 /*創建點陣圖索引*/ 
 984  
 985 create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 986  
 987 /*索引中不能用pctused*/ 
 988  
 989 create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; 
 990  
 991 /*大資料量的索引最好不要做日誌*/ 
 992  
 993 create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; 
 994  
 995 /*創建反轉索引*/ 
 996  
 997 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; 
 998  
 999 /*創建函數索引*/ 
1000  
1001 create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
1002  
1003 /*建表時創建約束條件*/ 
1004  
1005 create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
1006  
1007  
1008  
1009 /*給創建bitmap index分配的記憶體空間參數，以加速建索引*/ 
1010  
1011 show parameter create_bit; 
1012  
1013  
1014  
1015 /*改變索引的存儲參數*/ 
1016  
1017 alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); 
1018  
1019  
1020  
1021 /*給索引手工分配一個分區*/ 
1022  
1023 alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile ‘$ORACLE/oradata/..‘); 
1024  
1025  
1026  
1027 /*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/ 
1028  
1029 alter index index_name deallocate unused; 
1030  
1031  
1032  
1033 /*索引重建*/ 
1034  
1035 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; 
1036  
1037  
1038  
1039 /*普通索引和反轉索引的互換*/ 
1040  
1041 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; 
1042  
1043  
1044  
1045 /*重建索引時，不鎖表*/ 
1046  
1047 alter index index_name rebuild online; 
1048  
1049  
1050  
1051 /*給索引整理碎片*/ 
1052  
1053 alter index index_name COALESCE; 
1054  
1055  
1056  
1057 /*分析索引,事實上是更新統計的過程*/ 
1058  
1059 analyze index index_name validate structure; 
1060  
1061  
1062  
1063 desc index_state; 
1064  
1065  
1066  
1067 drop index index_name; 
1068  
1069  
1070  
1071 alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監視索引是否被用到
1072  
1073  
1074  
1075 alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監視
1076  
1077  
1078  
1079 /*有關索引資訊的視圖*/ 
1080  
1081 select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; 
1082  
1083  
1084  
1085 ##########資料完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## 
1086  
1087  
1088  
1089 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop約束
1090  
1091  
1092  
1093 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----創建主鍵
1094  
1095  
1096  
1097 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---創建唯一約束
1098  
1099  
1100  
1101 /*創建外鍵約束*/ 
1102  
1103 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); 
1104  
1105  
1106  
1107 /*不效驗老資料，只約束新的資料[enable/disable：約束/不約束新資料;novalidate/validate:不對/對老資料進行驗證]*/ 
1108  
1109 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like ‘B%‘) enable/disable novalidate/validate; 
1110  
1111  
1112  
1113 /*修改約束條件，延時驗證，commit時驗證*/ 
1114  
1115 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; 
1116  
1117  
1118  
1119 /*修改約束條件，立即驗證*/ 
1120  
1121 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; 
1122  
1123  
1124  
1125 alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; 
1126  
1127  
1128  
1129 /*drop一個有外鍵的主鍵表,帶cascade constraints參數級聯刪除*/ 
1130  
1131 drop table table_name cascade constraints; 
1132  
1133  
1134  
1135 /*當truncate外鍵表時，先將外鍵設為無效，再truncate;*/ 
1136  
1137 truncate table table_name; 
1138  
1139  
1140  
1141 /*設約束條件無效*/ 
1142  
1143 alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; 
1144  
1145  
1146  
1147 alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; 
1148  
1149  
1150  
1151 /*將無效約束的資料行放入exception的表中，此表記錄了違反資料約束的行的行號；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/ 
1152  
1153 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; 
1154  
1155  
1156  
1157 /*運行創建exceptions表的腳本*/ 
1158  
1159 start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; 
1160  
1161  
1162  
1163 /*獲取約束條件資訊的表或視圖*/ 
1164  
1165 select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; 
1166  
1167  
1168  
1169 ################## managing password security and resources #################### 
1170  
1171  
1172  
1173 alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶; 
1174  
1175  
1176  
1177 alter user user_name password expire;---設定口令到期
1178  
1179  
1180  
1181 /*建立口令配置檔,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次後鎖，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動解鎖*/ 
1182  
1183 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; 
1184  
1185 /*創建口令配置檔*/ 
1186  
1187 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; 
1188  
1189 /*建立資源配置檔*/ 
1190  
1191 create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 
1192  
1193  
1194  
1195 alter user user_name profile profile_name; 
1196  
1197  
1198  
1199 /*設置口令解鎖時間*/ 
1200  
1201 alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; 
1202  
1203  
1204  
1205 /*password_life_time指口令檔多少時間到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登錄後到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令*/ 
1206  
1207 alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; 
1208  
1209  
1210  
1211 /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數*/ 
1212  
1213 alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; 
1214  
1215  
1216  
1217 alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令
1218  
1219  
1220  
1221 drop profile profile_name; 
1222  
1223  
1224  
1225 /*建立了profile後，且指定給某個用戶，則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/ 
1226  
1227 drop profile profile_name CASCADE; 
1228  
1229  
1230  
1231 alter system set resource_limit=true;---啟用自願限制,缺省是false 
1232  
1233  
1234  
1235 /*配置資源參數*/ 
1236  
1237 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; 
1238  
1239 /*資源參數(session級) 
1240  
1241 cpu_per_session每個session佔用cpu的時間單位1/100秒
1242  
1243 sessions_per_user允許每個用戶的並行session數
1244  
1245 connect_time允許連接的時間單位分鐘
1246  
1247 idle_time連接被空閒多少時間後，被自動斷開單位分鐘
1248  
1249 logical_reads_per_session讀塊數
1250  
1251 private_sga用戶能夠在SGA中使用的私有的空間數單位bytes 
1252  
1253  
1254  
1255 (call級) 
1256  
1257 cpu_per_call每次(1/100秒)調用cpu的時間
1258  
1259 logical_reads_per_call每次調用能夠讀的塊數
1260  
1261 */ 
1262  
1263  
1264  
1265 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; 
1266  
1267  
1268  
1269 desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包
1270  
1271  
1272  
1273 /*獲取資源資訊的表或視圖*/ 
1274  
1275 select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; 
1276  
1277  
1278  
1279 ###### Managing users ############ 
1280  
1281  
1282  
1283 show parameter os; 
1284  
1285  
1286  
1287 create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; 
1288  
1289  
1290  
1291 grant connect,createtable to testuser1; 
1292  
1293  
1294  
1295 alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; 
1296  
1297  
1298  
1299 /*創建用戶*/ 
1300  
1301 create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
1302  
1303  
1304  
1305 /*資料庫級設定缺省臨時表空間*/ 
1306  
1307 alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 
1308  
1309  
1310  
1311 /*制定資料庫級的缺省表空間*/ 
1312  
1313 alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; 
1314  
1315  
1316  
1317 /*創建os級審核的用戶，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令對應的首碼,‘OPS$‘為此參數的值，此值可以任意設置*/ 
1318  
1319 create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
1320  
1321  
1322  
1323 /*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時表空間不允許授予限額*/ 
1324  
1325 alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name