标签:list lower key wiki ref 代码 script most scripts
列表生成式即List Comprehensions,是Python内置的非常简单却强大的可以用来创建list的生成式。
举个例子,要生成list [0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]可以用list(range(11)):
>>> list(range(11)) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
但如果要生成[1x1, 2x2, 3x3, ..., 10x10]怎么做?方法一是循环:
>>> L = [] >>> for x in range(1,11): L.append(x*x) >>> L [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] >>>
但是循环太繁琐,而列表生成式则可以用一行语句代替循环生成上面的list:
>>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11)] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
写列表生成式时,把要生成的元素x * x放到前面,后面跟for循环,就可以把list创建出来,十分有用,多写几次,很快就可以熟悉这种语法。
for循环后面还可以加上if判断,这样我们就可以筛选出仅偶数的平方:
>>> [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0] [4, 16, 36, 64, 100] >>>
还可以使用两层循环,可以生成全排列:
>>> [m + n for m in ‘ABC‘ for n in ‘XYZ‘] [‘AX‘, ‘AY‘, ‘AZ‘, ‘BX‘, ‘BY‘, ‘BZ‘, ‘CX‘, ‘CY‘, ‘CZ‘] >>>
三层和三层以上的循环就很少用到了。
运用列表生成式,可以写出非常简洁的代码。例如,列出当前目录下的所有文件和目录名,可以通过一行代码实现:
>>> import os >>> [d for d in os.listdir(‘.‘)] [‘DLLs‘, ‘Doc‘, ‘f00.txt‘, ‘include‘, ‘Lib‘, ‘libs‘, ‘LICENSE.txt‘, ‘NEWS.txt‘, ‘python.exe‘, ‘pythonw.exe‘, ‘README.txt‘, ‘Scripts‘, ‘tcl‘, ‘Tools‘]
for循环其实可以同时使用两个甚至多个变量,比如dict的items()可以同时迭代key和value:
>>> d = {‘x‘:‘A‘, ‘y‘:‘B‘, ‘z‘:‘C‘}
>>> for k, v in d.items():
print(k, ‘=‘, v)
y = B
x = A
z = C
>>>
因此,列表生成式也可以使用两个变量来生成list:
>>> [k + ‘=‘ + v for k, v in d.items()] [‘y=B‘, ‘x=A‘, ‘z=C‘] >>>
最后把一个list中所有的字符串变成小写:
>>> L = [‘Hello‘, ‘World‘, ‘IBM‘, ‘Apple‘] >>> [s.lower() for s in L] [‘hello‘, ‘world‘, ‘ibm‘, ‘apple‘] >>>
如果list中既包含字符串,又包含整数,由于非字符串类型没有lower()方法,所以列表生成式会报错:
>>> L = [‘Hello‘, ‘World‘, 18, ‘Apple‘, None]
>>> [s.lower() for s in L]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#24>", line 1, in <module>
[s.lower() for s in L]
File "<pyshell#24>", line 1, in <listcomp>
[s.lower() for s in L]
AttributeError: ‘int‘ object has no attribute ‘lower‘
>>>
使用内建的isinstance函数可以判断一个变量是不是字符串:
>>> x = ‘abc‘ >>> isinstance(x, str) True >>> isinstance(x, int) False >>> y = 123 >>> isinstance(x, int) False >>>
将L1中的字符串元素过滤存储于L2中:
>>> L1 = [‘Hello‘, ‘World‘, 18, ‘Apple‘, None] >>> L2 = [str1 for str1 in L1 if isinstance(str1, str)] >>> L2 [‘Hello‘, ‘World‘, ‘Apple‘] >>>
标签:list lower key wiki ref 代码 script most scripts
原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/ant-colonies/p/6664996.html