码迷,mamicode.com
首页 > 其他好文 > 详细

GStreamer基础教程03 - 媒体类型与Pad

时间:2019-07-01 14:25:48      阅读:212      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

标签:desktop   lag   clu   定义   总结   switch   messages   ram   class   

摘要

  在上一篇文章中,我们介绍了如何将多个element连接起来构造一个pipline,进行数据传输。那么GStreamer是通过何种方式保证element之间能正常的进行数据传输?今天就将介绍GStreamer是如何利用Pad来控制数据的传输。

 

Pad

  我们知道,pad是element之间的数据的接口,一个src pad只能与一个sink pad相连。每个element可以通过pad过滤数据,接收自己支持的数据类型。Pad通过Pad Capabilities(简称为Pad Caps)来描述支持的数据类型。例如:

  • 表示分辨率为300x200,帧率为30fps的RGB视频的Caps: 

   “video/x-raw,format=RGB,width=300,height=200,framerate=30/1”

  • 表示采样位宽为16位,采样率44.1kHz,双通道PCM音频的Caps:

   “audio/x-raw,format=S16LE,rate=44100,channels=2”

  • 或者直接描述编码数据格式Voribis,VP8:

   “audio/x-vorbis” "video/x-vp8"

  一个Pad可以支持多种类型的Caps(比如一个video sink可以同时支持RGB或YUV格式的数据),同时可以指定Caps支持的数据范围(比如一个audio sink可以支持1~48k的采样率)。但是,在一个Pipeline中,Pad之间所传输的数据类型必须是唯一的。GStreamer在进行element连接时,会通过协商(negotiation)的方式选择一个双方都支持的类型。

  因此,为了能使两个Element能够正确的连接,双方的Pad Caps之间必须有交集,从而在协商阶段选择相同的数据类型,这就是Pad Caps的主要作用。在实际使用中,我们可以通过gst-inspect工具查看Element所支持的Pad Caps,从而才能知道在连接出错时如何处理。

Pad Templates(模板)

  我们曾使用gst_element_factory_make()接口创建Element,这个接口内部也会先创建一个Element 工厂,再通过工厂方法创建一个Element。由于大部分Element都需要创建类似的Pad,于是GStreame定义了Pad Template,Pad Template被包含中Element工厂中,在创建Element时,用于快速创建Pad。
  Pad Template包含了一个Pad所能支持的所有Caps。通过Pad Template,我们可以快速的判断两个pad是否能够连接(比如两个elements都只提供了sink template,这样的element之间是无法连接的,这样就没必要进一步判断Pad Caps)。

  由于Pad Template属于Element工厂,所以我们可以直接使用gst-inspect查看其属性,但Element实际的Pad会根据Element所处的不同状态来进行实例化,具体的Pad Caps会在协商后才会被确定。

Pad Templates Capabilities例子

我们看一个 “gst-inspect-1.0 alsasink”的例子(不同平台会有差异):

Pad Templates:
  SINK template: ‘sink‘
    Availability: Always
    Capabilities:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: S16LE
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: [ 1, 48000 ]
               channels: [ 1, 2 ]
      audio/x-ac3
                 framed: true

 alsasink只提供了一个sink template,可以创建sink pad,并且是一直存在的。支持两种类型的音频数据:16位的PCM(audio/x-raw),采样率1~48k,1-2通道和AC3(audio/x-ac3)的帧数据。

 

再看一个 “gst-inspect-1.0 videotestsrc”的例子:

Pad Templates:
  SRC template: ‘src‘
    Availability: Always
    Capabilities:
      video/x-raw
                 format: { I420, YV12, YUY2, UYVY, AYUV, RGBx, BGRx, xRGB, xBGR, RGBA, BGRA, ARGB, ABGR, RGB, BGR, Y41B, Y42B, YVYU, Y444, v210, v216, NV12, NV21, NV16, NV24, GRAY8, GRAY16_BE, GRAY16_LE, v308, RGB16, BGR16, RGB15, BGR15, UYVP, A420, RGB8P, YUV9, YVU9, IYU1, ARGB64, AYUV64, r210, I420_10LE, I420_10BE, I422_10LE, I422_10BE, Y444_10LE, Y444_10BE, GBR, GBR_10LE, GBR_10BE }
                  width: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
                 height: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
              framerate: [ 0/1, 2147483647/1 ]
      video/x-bayer
                 format: { bggr, rggb, grbg, gbrg }
                  width: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
                 height: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
              framerate: [ 0/1, 2147483647/1 ]

videotestsrc只提供了一个src template用于创建src pad,pad支持多种格式,可以通过参数指定输出的数据类型或Caps Filter指定。

 

Pad Availability(有效性)

  上面的例子中显示的Pad Template都是一直存在的(Availability: Always),创建的Pad也是一直有效的。但有些Element会根据输入数据以及后续的Element动态增加或删除Pad,因此GStreamer提供了3种Pad有效性的状态:Always,Sometimes,On request。

Always Pad

  在element被初始化后就存在的pad,被称为always pad或static pad。


Sometimes Pad

  根据输入数据的不同而产生的pad,被称为sometimes pad,常见于各种文件格式解析器。例如用于解析mp4文件的qtdemux:"gst-inspect-1.0 qtdemux"

Pad Templates:
  SINK template: ‘sink‘
    Availability: Always
    Capabilities:
      video/quicktime
      video/mj2
      audio/x-m4a
      application/x-3gp

  SRC template: ‘video_%u‘
    Availability: Sometimes
    Capabilities:
      ANY

  SRC template: ‘audio_%u‘
    Availability: Sometimes
    Capabilities:
      ANY

  SRC template: ‘subtitle_%u‘
    Availability: Sometimes
    Capabilities:
      ANY

  只有我们从mp4文件中读取数据时,我们才能知道这个文件中包含多少音频,视频,字幕,所以这些src pad都是sometimes pad。


Request Pad

  按需创建的pad被称为request pad,常见于合并或生成多路数据。例如,用于1到N转换的tee:"gst-inspect-1.0 tee"

Pad Templates:
  ...
  SRC template: ‘src_%u‘
    Availability: On request
      Has request_new_pad() function: gst_tee_request_new_pad
    Capabilities:
      ANY

  当我们需要将同一路视频流同时进行显示和存储,这时候我们就需要用到tee,在创建tee element的时候,我们不知道pipeline需要多少个src pad,需要后续element来请求一个src pad。

 

示例代码

  GStreamer提供了gst-inspect工具来查看element所提供的Pad Templates,但无法查看element在不同状态时其Pad所支持的数据类型,通过下面的代码,我们可以看到Pad Caps在不同状态下的变化。

#include <gst/gst.h>

/* Functions below print the Capabilities in a human-friendly format */
static gboolean print_field (GQuark field, const GValue * value, gpointer pfx) {
  gchar *str = gst_value_serialize (value);

  g_print ("%s  %15s: %s\n", (gchar *) pfx, g_quark_to_string (field), str);
  g_free (str);
  return TRUE;
}

static void print_caps (const GstCaps * caps, const gchar * pfx) {
  guint i;

  g_return_if_fail (caps != NULL);

  if (gst_caps_is_any (caps)) {
    g_print ("%sANY\n", pfx);
    return;
  }
  if (gst_caps_is_empty (caps)) {
    g_print ("%sEMPTY\n", pfx);
    return;
  }

  for (i = 0; i < gst_caps_get_size (caps); i++) {
    GstStructure *structure = gst_caps_get_structure (caps, i);

    g_print ("%s%s\n", pfx, gst_structure_get_name (structure));
    gst_structure_foreach (structure, print_field, (gpointer) pfx);
  }
}

/* Prints information about a Pad Template, including its Capabilities */
static void print_pad_templates_information (GstElementFactory * factory) {
  const GList *pads;
  GstStaticPadTemplate *padtemplate;

  g_print ("Pad Templates for %s:\n", gst_element_factory_get_longname (factory));
  if (!gst_element_factory_get_num_pad_templates (factory)) {
    g_print ("  none\n");
    return;
  }

  pads = gst_element_factory_get_static_pad_templates (factory);
  while (pads) {
    padtemplate = pads->data;
    pads = g_list_next (pads);

    if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SRC)
      g_print ("  SRC template: ‘%s‘\n", padtemplate->name_template);
    else if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SINK)
      g_print ("  SINK template: ‘%s‘\n", padtemplate->name_template);
    else
      g_print ("  UNKNOWN!!! template: ‘%s‘\n", padtemplate->name_template);

    if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_ALWAYS)
      g_print ("    Availability: Always\n");
    else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_SOMETIMES)
      g_print ("    Availability: Sometimes\n");
    else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_REQUEST)
      g_print ("    Availability: On request\n");
    else
      g_print ("    Availability: UNKNOWN!!!\n");

    if (padtemplate->static_caps.string) {
      GstCaps *caps;
      g_print ("    Capabilities:\n");
      caps = gst_static_caps_get (&padtemplate->static_caps);
      print_caps (caps, "      ");
      gst_caps_unref (caps);

    }

    g_print ("\n");
  }
}

/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
  GstPad *pad = NULL;
  GstCaps *caps = NULL;

  /* Retrieve pad */
  pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
  if (!pad) {
    g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad ‘%s‘\n", pad_name);
    return;
  }

  /* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
  caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
  if (!caps)
    caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);

  /* Print and free */
  g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
  print_caps (caps, "      ");
  gst_caps_unref (caps);
  gst_object_unref (pad);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  GstElement *pipeline, *source, *sink;
  GstElementFactory *source_factory, *sink_factory;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstMessage *msg;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;
  gboolean terminate = FALSE;

  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Create the element factories */
  source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
  sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
  if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
    g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
  print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
  print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);

  /* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
  source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
  sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");

  /* Create the empty pipeline */
  pipeline = gst_pipeline_new ("test-pipeline");

  if (!pipeline || !source || !sink) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Build the pipeline */
  gst_bin_add_many (GST_BIN (pipeline), source, sink, NULL);
  if (gst_element_link (source, sink) != TRUE) {
    g_printerr ("Elements could not be linked.\n");
    gst_object_unref (pipeline);
    return -1;
  }

  /* Print initial negotiated caps (in NULL state) */
  g_print ("In NULL state:\n");
  print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");

  /* Start playing */
  ret = gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
  if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
    g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state (check the bus for error messages).\n");
  }

  /* Wait until error, EOS or State Change */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (pipeline);
  do {
    msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE, GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS |
        GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED);

    /* Parse message */
    if (msg != NULL) {
      GError *err;
      gchar *debug_info;

      switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
        case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
          gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
          g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
          g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
          g_clear_error (&err);
          g_free (debug_info);
          terminate = TRUE;
          break;
        case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
          g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
          terminate = TRUE;
          break;
        case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
          /* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
          if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
            GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
            gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
            g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
                gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
            /* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
            print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
          }
          break;
        default:
          /* We should not reach here because we only asked for ERRORs, EOS and STATE_CHANGED */
          g_printerr ("Unexpected message received.\n");
          break;
      }
      gst_message_unref (msg);
    }
  } while (!terminate);

  /* Free resources */
  gst_object_unref (bus);
  gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
  gst_object_unref (pipeline);
  gst_object_unref (source_factory);
  gst_object_unref (sink_factory);
  return 0;
}

  将源码保存为basic-tutorial-3.c,执行下列命令可得到编译结果:

$ gcc basic-tutorial-3.c -o basic-tutorial-3 `pkg-config --cflags --libs gstreamer-1.0`

 

源码分析

输出可读信息

  print_field, print_caps and print_pad_templates_information实现类似功能,打印GStreamer的数据结构,可以查看相应GStreamer GstCaps 接口了解更多信息。

/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
  GstPad *pad = NULL;
  GstCaps *caps = NULL;

  /* Retrieve pad */
  pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
  if (!pad) {
    g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad ‘%s‘\n", pad_name);
    return;
  }

  /* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
  caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
  if (!caps)
    caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);

  /* Print and free */
  g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
  print_caps (caps, "      ");
  gst_caps_unref (caps);
  gst_object_unref (pad);
}

  因为我们使用的source和sink都具有static(always)pad,所以这里使用gst_element_get_static_pad()获取Pad, 其他情况可以使用gst_element_foreach_pad()或gst_element_iterate_pads()获取动态创建的Pad。
  接着使用gst_pad_get_current_caps()获取pad当前的caps,根据不同的element状态会有不同的结果,甚至可能不存在caps。如果没有,我们通过gst_pad_query_caps()获取当前可以支持的caps,当element处于NULL状态时,这个caps为Pad Template所支持的caps,其值可随状态变化而变化。

获取Element工厂

/* Create the element factories */
source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
  g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
  return -1;
}

/* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);

/* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");

  在使用gst_element_factory_make()接口创建element时,应用不需要关心element工厂。在这里,由于Pad Template数据Element工程,因此我们首先根据工厂名创建了相应工厂实例(GstElementFactory ),再由其获取Pad Template以及创建element。
  此处使用gst_element_factory_find()查找"audiotestsrc"工厂,再通过gst_element_factory_create()创建source element。以前使用的gst_element_factory_make()是gst_element_factory_find() + gst_element_factory_create()的简化版。

处理State-Changed消息

  Pipeline的创建过程与其他示例相同,此例新增了状态变化的处理。

case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
  /* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
  if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
    GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
    gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
    g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
        gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
    /* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
    print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
  }
  break;

  因为我们在gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered()中加入了GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED,所以我们会收到状态变化的消息。在状态变化时,输出sink element的pad caps中当前状态的信息。

 

输出分析

Pad Templates for Audio test source:
  SRC template: ‘src‘
    Availability: Always
    Capabilities:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: { S16LE, S32LE, F32LE, F64LE }
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
               channels: [ 1, 2 ]

Pad Templates for Auto audio sink:
  SINK template: ‘sink‘
    Availability: Always
    Capabilities:
      ANY

  首先是“audiotestsrc”和“autoaudiosink”的pad templates信息,这个与gst-inspect的输出相同。

 

In NULL state:
Caps for the sink pad:
      ANY

  NULL状态为Element的初始化状态,此时,“autoaudiosink”的sink pad caps与Pad Template相同,支持所有的格式。

 

Pipeline state changed from NULL to READY:
Caps for the sink pad:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: { S16LE, S16BE, F32LE, F32BE, S32LE, S32BE, S24LE, S24BE, S24_32LE, S24_32BE, U8 }
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
               channels: [ 1, 32 ]
      audio/x-alaw
                   rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
               channels: [ 1, 32 ]
      audio/x-mulaw
                   rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
               channels: [ 1, 32 ]

  状态从NULL转到READY时,GStreamer会获取音频输出设备所支持的所有类型,这里可以看到sink pad caps列出了输出设备所能支持的类型。

 

Pipeline state changed from READY to PAUSED:
Caps for the sink pad:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: S16LE
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: 44100
               channels: 1

Pipeline state changed from PAUSED to PLAYING:
Caps for the sink pad:
      audio/x-raw
                 format: S16LE
                 layout: interleaved
                   rate: 44100
               channels: 1

  状态从READY转到PAUSED时,GStreamer会协商一个所有element都支持的类型。当进入PLAYING状态时,sink会采用协商后的类型进行数据传输。

 

总结

在本教程中,我们掌握了:

  • 什么是Pad Capabilities 和 Pad Template Capabilities。
  • Pad有效性的类别。
  • 如何通过gst_pad_get_current_caps() 和 gst_pad_query_caps()获取当前的caps。
  • Pad Capabilities在element不同状态下的变化。
  • 如何使用gst-inspect工具查看element的Pad Caps。


引用

https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/tutorials/basic/media-formats-and-pad-capabilities.html?gi-language=c
https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/tutorials/basic/multithreading-and-pad-availability.html
https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/gstreamer/gstcaps.html?gi-language=c

 

作者:John.Leng
本文版权归作者所有,欢迎转载。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请在文章页面明显位置给出原文连接.

GStreamer基础教程03 - 媒体类型与Pad

标签:desktop   lag   clu   定义   总结   switch   messages   ram   class   

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xleng/p/11113405.html

(0)
(0)
   
举报
评论 一句话评论(0
登录后才能评论!
© 2014 mamicode.com 版权所有  联系我们:gaon5@hotmail.com
迷上了代码!